Lecture 6: Anatomy of Leg and Tarsus

Question 1

portion of pelvic limb between stifle and hock joints =

Answer 1

leg

Question 2

tarsus =

Answer 2

ankle

Question 3

pes =

Answer 3

foot

Question 4

tarsus definition

Answer 4

region connecting hock to digits of pes/foot

Question 5

how is movement of leg achieved

Answer 5

muscles that move the stifle joint

Question 6

arrangement of hock and tarsus: 3 tiers

Answer 6

proximal
middle
distal

Question 7

arrangement of hock and tarsus: proximal tier

Answer 7

includes talus and calcaneus

Question 8

arrangement of hock and tarsus: middle tier

Answer 8

includes central tarsal bone

Question 9

arrangement of hock and tarsus: distal tier

Answer 9

tarsals 1-4 numbered mediolateral
4th tarsal bone deeper than others and intrudes into middle tier

Question 10

which tarsal bone is constantly present

Answer 10

4th

Question 11

variations in equine tarsals

Answer 11

1 and 2 fuse

Question 12

talus: trochlea

Answer 12

proximal surface
articulates with tibia and fibula

Question 13

talus: head

Answer 13

distal surface
articulates with central tarsal

Question 14

where is calcaneus located (Relative to talus)

Answer 14

lateral

Question 15

calcaneus: sustentaculum tali/talar shelf

Answer 15

supports plantar surface of talus
supports tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 16

calcaneus: tuber calcanei

Answer 16

attachment for calcaneal tendon
movement at hock

Question 17

calcaneal tendon analogous to what structure in humans

Answer 17

achilles tendon

Question 18

calcaneus: head

Answer 18

articulates with fourth tarsal

Question 19

metatarsals vs metacarpals

Answer 19

metatarsals longer by 20%
more rounded

Question 20

what is special about metatarsal 1 in dogs

Answer 20

dewclaw
rudimentary/not always present

Question 21

3 regions of phalanges

Answer 21

proximal
intermediate
distal

Question 22

what shape are dorsal sesamoid bones

Answer 22

banana

Question 23

what shape are proximal sesamoid bones

Answer 23

round

Question 24

what does proximal trochlear surface of talus articulate with in dogs

Answer 24

tibia and fibula

Question 25

what does head of talus articulate with in dogs

Answer 25

central bone

Question 26

what allows for free extension and flexion at talo-crural joint in horses

Answer 26

trochlea of talus is fused with cochlea of tibia

Question 27

result of flat/small talar head: horse

Answer 27

more stability at talar/central articulation limited movement

Question 28

what causes horse's distal limb to be carried laterally when flexion occurs at the hock

Answer 28

obliquity of talo-crural joint

Question 29

double pully astragulus: arteriodatyls

Answer 29

talus articulates with central and fourth tarsal

Question 30

in mammals, the talar head only articulates with what bone

Answer 30

central

Question 31

4 levels of articulation in hock

Answer 31

tarso-crural/talo-crural proximal intertarsal distal intertarsal tasometatarsal

Question 32

proximal intertarsal joint is between

Answer 32

central tarsal bone and 1st and 2nd tarsal bones

Question 33

distal intertarsal joint is between

Answer 33

central tarsal bone and 1st, 2nd and 3rd tarsal bones

Question 34

tarsometatarsal joint is between

Answer 34

tarsals and metatarsals

Question 35

almost all movement occurs at what hock joint

Answer 35

talocrural joint

Question 36

how does talocrural joint work as a hinge joint (benefits)

Answer 36

lateral deviation of foot when its carried forward on flexion pelvic limb will be external to thoracic limb when they overlap during high speed running

Question 37

which ligaments extend from tibia and fibula to base of the metatarsus

Answer 37

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

Question 38

medial/lateral collateral ligaments: 2 parts

Answer 38

long superficial part shorter deeper part

Question 39

long superficial part of medial/collateral ligaments extend to

Answer 39

full length of ligament

Question 40

hock: 3 synovial compartments

Answer 40

tarsocrural and proximal intertarsal joints distal intertarsal joint tarsometatarsal joint

Question 41

4 pouches within tarsocrural and proximal intertarsal joints (synovial compartments of hock)

Answer 41

laterodorsal mediodorsal medioplantar lateral plantar

Question 42

significance of 4 pouches within synovial compartment of hock

Answer 42

weaker parts of joint swelling may occur due to over distention

Question 43

2 bones within caudal compartment of leg

Answer 43

tibia fibula

Question 44

4 muscles within caudal compartment of leg

Answer 44

gastrocnemius flexor digitorum superficialis flexor digitorum profundus popliteus

Question 45

3 muscles that make up flexor digitorum profundii

Answer 45

flexor digitorum lateralis flexor digitorum medialis tibialis caudalis

Question 46

caudal compartment of leg: innervation, blood supply, action

Answer 46

tibial nerve saphenous artery extend tarsus and flex digits

Question 47

popliteus: origin, insertion, action

Answer 47

O - lateral condyle of femur I - medial/proximal tibia A- medial rotation of tibia relative to femur during flexion or swing phase

Question 48

5 muscles of craniolateral compartment of leg

Answer 48

tibialis cranialis extensor digitorum longus peroneus longus peroneus brevis peroneus tertius

Question 49

craniolateral compartment of leg: artery, nerve, action

Answer 49

cranial tibial artery fibular/peroneal nerve flex tarsus and extend digits

Question 50

what does peroneus/fibularis tertius do at hock

Answer 50

bifurcates into lateral branch and dorsal branch

Question 51

specific action of peroneus/fibularis tertius

Answer 51

connect actions of stifle and hock so they extend simultaneously

Question 52

lateral branch of peroneus/fibularis tertius includes what 2 bones

Answer 52

calcaneus and 4th tarsal

Question 53

dorsal branch of peroneus/fibularis tertius includes what 2 bones

Answer 53

proximal 3rd tarsal and 3rd metatarsal

Question 54

what species is peroneus/fibularis tertius absent in

Answer 54

carnivorans

Question 55

sciatic nerve splits into (in thigh)

Answer 55

tibial nerve fibular nerve

Question 56

where does tibial nerve enter

Answer 56

between 2 heads of gastrocnemius

Question 57

how does tibial nerve travel/split

Answer 57

off of sciatic --> enters through gastrocnemius --> caudal sural branch --> enters tarsus between common calcaneal tendon and caudal crural muscles --> splits into medial and lateral plantar nerves

Question 58

what branches off tibial nerve innervate the pes

Answer 58

medial and lateral plantar nerves

Question 59

caudal sural branch of tibial nerve innervates what muscle group/compartment

Answer 59

caudal leg muscles

Question 60

how does fibular nerve travel

Answer 60

enters lateral to gastrocnemius --> lateral sural cutaneous branch --> dorsum of pes

Question 61

lateral sural cutaneous branch of fibular nerve innervates what muscle group/compartment

Answer 61

craniolateral leg muscles

Question 62

which hindlimb artery is not present in horse and why

Answer 62

dorsal pedal fewer toes

Question 63

saphenous artery in horse vs dog (what does it do)

Answer 63

makes a loop

Question 64

long plantar ligament

Answer 64

extends from plantar surface of calcaneus over 4th tarsal bone to metatarsus

Question 65

lateral saphenous vein drains to

Answer 65

popliteal on lateral leg

Question 66

medial saphenous vein drains to

Answer 66

femoral vein --> external iliac on medial leg

Question 67

cranial tibial artery anastamoses with

Answer 67

saphenous artery

Question 68

where does sciatic nerve split

Answer 68

thigh