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Anatomy II > Lecture 9: Microanatomy of Bone > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Microanatomy of Bone Flashcards

1
Q

4 methods of classifying bone types

A

whole bone shape
degree of bone density/porosity
micro texture of bone
embryonic origin

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2
Q

whole bone shape: 4 types

A

long
short
flat
irregular

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3
Q

3 parts of a long bone

A

epiphysis
metaphysis
diaphysis = shaft

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4
Q

density/porosity: 2 types

A

compact
cancellous

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5
Q

compact bone vs cancellous bone (location, function)

A

compact = outer, strong and dense, resists force
cancellous = deep to compact, spongy, large surface area for storage

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6
Q

functions of bone (4)

A

framework = structure, support
levers for muscles
hemopoietic tissues, fat storage
store minerals = Ca, K, Mg, P

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7
Q

majority of bone is composed of

A

inorganic/minerals

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8
Q

bone matrix: 2 components

A

organic - type 1 collagen
inorganic - calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca, P)

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9
Q

3 cells in bone

A

osteoblast
osteoclast
osteocyte

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10
Q

periosteum surrounds

A

bone/external surface

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11
Q

endosteum surrounds

A

bone marrow cavity

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12
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A

red
white/yellow

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13
Q

is bone vascular or avascular

A

vascular

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14
Q

can bone remodel

A

yes

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15
Q

periosteum and endosteum definition and function

A

vascularized connective tissue layers that line surface of bone
nourish bone tissue = blood supply
make continuous supply of bone cells for appositional growth

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16
Q

2 layers of periosteum: bone

A

fibrous - outer layer of dense CT
inner cellular layer - osteogenic cells

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17
Q

endosteum: defining feature

A

loose CT
monolayer of osteogenic cells and osteoblasts

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18
Q

what kind of bone makes up the shaft/diaphysis of long bones

A

compact bone

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19
Q

4 lamellar systems of compact bone

A

outer circumferential
inner circumferential
osteons
interstitial lamellae

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20
Q

which lamellae forms the bulk of compact bone

A

osteons

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21
Q

outer circumferential lamellae contains what

A

sharpeys fibers

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22
Q

sharpey’s fibers function

A

anchor periosteum to bone

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23
Q

what is the outermost region of diaphysis (lamellae)

A

outer circumferential lamellae

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24
Q

which lamellae encircles the marrow cavity

A

inner circumferential lamellae

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25
how/when do osteons form
as bone remodels cylinders of bone removed and replaced with concentric lamellae of bone
26
2 canals within osteons (compact bone)
central perforating
27
central canal of osteon contains
blood vessels and nerves
28
function of perforating canals (osteon)
connect central canals with each other
29
micro texture of bone: 2 types
woven/immature lamellar/mature
30
woven bone: when is it formed, strength
initial bone formation, fracture repair poorly organized type 1 collagen weak
31
lamellar bone: when is it formed, strength
replaces woven bone strong and organized
32
when does lamellar bone replace woven bone (2)
formation of primary bone in newborns remodeling to from secondary bone/osteons
33
trabeculae definition and function
interconnecting bony struts (in epiphysis and metaphysis) provide internal support to bones spongy and porous
34
cancellous/spongy bone: formed by, function
formed by trabeculae high surface area for Calcium ion exchange between bone and blood
35
what is located between trabeculae (2 options)
marrow (red or yellow)
36
2 types of marrow
red yellow
37
red marrow produces
blood cells
38
yellow marrow made up of
adipose tissue
39
osteoblasts functions (2)
form bone ECM lowers blood calcium levels
40
osteoblasts become
osteocytes
41
location of osteocytes
lacunae
42
osteocytes and osteoblasts derived from
osteoprogenitor cells
43
when do osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts
periods of growth, remodeling, fracture repair
44
osteoclasts function
resorption/consumption of bone ECM
45
osteoclasts derived from
monocyte-macrophage progenitors located in bone marrow
46
when osteoblasts are inactive they are called
bone lining cells
47
how do osteoblasts communicate with each other
gap junctions
48
3 components of bone ECM
type 1 collagen proteoglycans glycoproteins
49
osteiod definition
initial organic compound synthesized by osteoblasts
50
what does osteoids do
calcify
51
how do osteoblasts become osteocytes
embed in bone ECM reside in lacunae
52
osteocyte function
direct bone remodeling in response to mechanical stimuli
53
how do osteocytes communicate with each other and with osteoblasts
gap junctions send cell processes through canaliculi
54
what are canaliculi
channels in bone
55
how is bone ECM formed
1 layer/lamellae at a time by osteoblasts
56
organic portion of bone ECM
type 1 collagen pale appearance called osteoid
57
inorganic portion of bone ECM is added to
osteoid
58
inorganic portion of bone ECM
made of hydroxyapatitie crystals (Ca bond to glycoproteins) osteoblasts secrete bone specific alkaline phospatase
59
bone specific alkaline phosphatase
produced by osteoblasts in inorganic bone ECM aids in hydroxyapatite formation
60
how do osteoclasts raise blood calcium levels
resorb bone, endocytose ECM byproducts (calcium) and secrete them into blood
61
ruffled border definition (osteoclast)
portion in direct contact with bone
62
clear zone definition (osteoclast)
lacks organelles ring of cytoplasm around ruffled border
63
actin ring location, function (osteoclast)
inside clear zone allows bone resorption to occur seals off subosteoclastic compartment to prevent damage to surrounding tissue
64
what is the resorptive compartment of osteoclasts
subosteoclastic compartment
65
what cells resorb bone ECM
osteoclasts
66
how is inorganic portion of bone ECM resorbed
protons pumped into resorptive cavity (with ruffled border increasing surface area for transport)
67
how it organic portion of bone ECM degraded
lysosomal enzymes secreted into cavity (with clear zone sealing off secretions from tissue)
68
what 2 hormones regulate bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts
parathyroid hormone calcitonin
69
parathyroid hormone: function, how it accomplishes function
released by parathyroid gland PROMOTES resorption, increases blood calcium levels indirect effect on osteoclasts --> receptors on osteoblasts + osteoblasts produce osteoclast stimulating factor stimulates osteoclast to increase bone resorbing activity
70
calcitonin: function, how it accomplishes function
secreted by thyroid gland SLOWS resorption, decreases blood Ca levels receptors on osteoclasts (acts on them directly) inhibit osteoclast to decrease bone resorbing activity
71
what induces mesenchymal/mesodermal differentiation to cartilage/bone during development
oxygen tension in tissue
72
mesenchymal differentiation in high O2 environments: process name, requirement
osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts to form bone --> intramembranous ossification need vascularized mesenchyme to supply O2
73
mesenchymal differentiation in low O2 environments: process name
chondrogenic cells and chondrocytes that form hyaline cartilage blood vessels grow into cartilage = high O2 environment --> calcify cartilage ECM --> replaced with bone endochondral ossification result = highly vascularized bone
74
2 types of bone ossification processes
intramembranous endochondral
75
steps of intramembranous ossification
high O2: mesenchymal cells near blood vessels differentiate into osteoblasts osteoblasts form bone trabeculae --> ossification centers trabeculae enlarge, fuse and remodel to form bones with compact bone on external surfaces and trabecular bone + marrow cavities internally
76
kind of ossification process for flat bones of cranium
intramembranous
77
steps of endochondral ossification
low O2 environment induces mesenchymal cells to differentiate into chondrocytes that form hyaline cartilage blood vessels invade cartilage --> induces formation of ossification centers where bone cell migrate and replace cartilage with bone growth plate remains between epiphysis and diaphysis growth ends when growth plates are vascularized and replaced with bone
78
growth plate is made of
sheet of hyaline cartilage
79
what kind of growth is growth plate responsible for
longitudinal
80
5 zones of growth plate (superficial to deep)
zone of reserve zone of proliferation zone of hypertrophy zone of calcification zone of ossification
81
zone of reserve: growth plate
directs proliferation
82
zone of proliferation: growth plate
chondrocyte mitosis
83
zone of hypertrophy: growth plate
chondrocytes enlarge bringing in O2
84
zone of calcification: growth plate
chondrocytes calcify the ECM
85
zone of ossification: growth plate
cartilage is replaced with bone

Anatomy II (36 decks)

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