Lecture 17: Neck 1

Question 1

2 boundaries of the neck

Answer 1

-thoracic inlet
-skull

Question 2

thoracic inlet definition

Answer 2

space bounded by 1st ribs, sternum (1st sternabrae) and T1 vertebrae

Question 3

what is the primary passageway for structures between neck and thorax

Answer 3

thoracic inlet

Question 4

vertebral column and axial musculature attach to __________

Answer 4

occipital bone of caudal skull

Question 5

caudal most portion of the skull (hint: bump)

Answer 5

external occipital protuberance

Question 6

ridge on skull resulting from neck muscle attachment

Answer 6

nuchal crest

Question 7

hypoglossal canal: definition, what structure passes through

Answer 7

hole in occipital bone
hypoglossal nerve runs through

Question 8

jugular foramen: location, what goes through

Answer 8

between occipital and temporal bones
conveys jugular artery and vein

Question 9

hyoid apparatus: definition, what 3 structures are supported by apparatus

Answer 9

series of bones running from temporal bones of skull into neck and supporting the tongue, larynx and pharynx

Question 10

is the hyoid apparatus associated with vertebral musculature

Answer 10

no

Question 11

laryngeal cartilages

Answer 11

set of cartilages at cranial end of airway (before joining pharynx)

Question 12

C1 aka

Answer 12

atlas

Question 13

C2 aka

Answer 13

axis

Question 14

which cervical vertebrae has the largest transverse processes

Answer 14

atlas/C1

Question 15

which cervical vertebrae has articular facets for occipital condyles

Answer 15

atlas/C1

Question 16

what is the palpable landmark for atlas/C1

Answer 16

wings

Question 17

what is the palpable landmark for axis/C2

Answer 17

spinous process

Question 18

does atlas really have spinous processes

Answer 18

no

Question 19

why can’t the spine of axis be palpated in horses and ruminants

Answer 19

ligamentum nuchae is very cranial
fatty crest present in horses

Question 20

what can be used as reliable substitute for body composition/indicator of metabolic health issues in horses

Answer 20

size and shape of fatty crest

Question 21

3 components/bones of hyoid apparatus

Answer 21

stylohyoid
basihyoid
thyrohyoid

Question 22

stylohyoid: location, paired vs unpaired

Answer 22

most dorsal
articulates with temporal bone of skull next to mastoid process via the tympanohyoid cartilage
paired

Question 23

basihyoid: paired vs unpaired, definition

Answer 23

unpaired bone anchored in musculature of the base of the tongue

Question 24

what helps support the weight of the tongue in horses and ruminants

Answer 24

lingual process that is cranially directed

Question 25

thyrohyoid: paired vs unpaired, definition

Answer 25

articulates with thyroid cartilage attaches to larynx paired

Question 26

epaxial muscles of vertebral column attachment site

Answer 26

occipital bone

Question 27

3 epaxial muscles of vertebral column

Answer 27

spinalis cervicis semispinalis longissimus

Question 28

what is an epaxial muscle that is unique to the head and neck

Answer 28

splenius

Question 29

splenius: OINA

Answer 29

O: T1-T3 spines I - nuchal crest and mastoid N - dorsal rami A - extend head and neck, some lateral bending

Question 30

what are the 2 most ventral/hypaxial cervical vertebral muscles

Answer 30

longus scalenus

Question 31

does spinalis have a capitis portion

Answer 31

no

Question 32

scalenus is a group of how many muscles

Answer 32

3

Question 33

long muscle of the neck =

Answer 33

longus colli/longus cervicis

Question 34

location of longus colli/longus cervicis

Answer 34

along cranial thoracic vertebral bodies and cervical bodies and transverse processes

Question 35

what are the 2 longus muscles

Answer 35

capitis cervicis/colli

Question 36

location of longus capitis

Answer 36

lateral to longus colli/cervicis from transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to ventral part of skull

Question 37

location of scalenus muscles

Answer 37

from caudal cervical vertebrae to cranial ribs

Question 38

6 capitis muscles that are specific to fine control of atlantoaxial (C1-C2) and atlantooccipital (C1-occipital bone) joints

Answer 38

rectus capitis dorsalis major rectus capitis dorsalis minor rectus capitis lateralis rectus capitis ventralis obliquus capitis cranialis obliquus capitis caudalis

Question 39

rectus capitis dorsalis major vs minor attachment

Answer 39

major: C2 to skull minor: C1 to skull

Question 40

of the 4 rectus muscles of vertebral column, which 2 are epaxial

Answer 40

rectus capitis dorsalis major and minor

Question 41

obliquus capitis cranialis vs caudalis: attachment

Answer 41

cranialis: axis/c1 --> occipital bone caudalis: atalas/C2 --> occipital bone

Question 42

3 fascia compartments of the neck

Answer 42

carotid sheath pretracheal fascia prevertebral fascia

Question 43

of the 3 fascia compartments of the neck, which one is a possible route of infection

Answer 43

prevertebral fascia

Question 44

carotid sheath: 3 structures contained

Answer 44

common carotid artery internal jugular vein vagosympathetic trunk

Question 45

pretracheal fascia contains (6)

Answer 45

muscles and viscera of ventral neck = esophagus, thyroid, omohyoideus, sternohyoid, larynx, brachiocephalicus

Question 46

prevertebral fascia: structures

Answer 46

all muscles associated with vertebral column (rectus capitis muscles, longus colli, etc)

Question 47

what happens to prevertebral fascia as ventral vertebral muscles (longus colli) pass into the thorax

Answer 47

blends with endothoracic fascia

Question 48

2 primary cutaneous muscles that cover the neck

Answer 48

cutaneous colli platysma

Question 49

cutaneous colli definition

Answer 49

cervical portion of general cutaneous muscle

Question 50

platysma definition, origin and insertion

Answer 50

muscle of facial expression originates in neck and passes cranially to reach the head

Question 51

cutaneous colli level of development: dogs/cats vs ungulates

Answer 51

not well developed in dogs or cats well developed in ungulates

Question 52

what does cutaneous colli form in horses (and why is this clinically important)

Answer 52

thick cover over caudal part of jugular groove covers jugular vein so you have to stick higher up

Question 53

what is the most ventral of the non cutaneous neck muscles

Answer 53

sternocephalicus

Question 54

sternocephalicus: location(relative to another muscle), OINA

Answer 54

takes up position along ventral edge of brachiocephalicus O: 1st sternabrae (manubrium) I: mastoid and nuchal crest N: CNXI/accessory nerve A: unilateral lateral flexion of neck, bilateral ventral flexion of neck

Question 55

unique role of sternocephalicus in other animals (related to different insertion)

Answer 55

inserts on mandible to help open the jaw

Question 56

cranial group of muscles that control position of hyoid apparatus (3 general locations)

Answer 56

muscles of oral cavity, tongue and pharynx

Question 57

4 muscles within caudal group that control position of hyoid

Answer 57

sternohyoideus omohyoideus sternothyroideus thyrohyoideus

Question 58

which of the 4 caudal muscles that control hyoid is NOT present in dogs and cats

Answer 58

omohyoideus