Lecture 32: Nasal Sinus and Palate II

Question 1

Paranasal sinuses (3)

Answer 1

Maxilla
Frontal
Sphenoid

Question 2

Paranasal sinus definition

Answer 2

Pocket of non olfactory mucosa that grow out from walls of nasal cavity
Surround bones of nasal cavity

Question 3

What is the largest sinus in dog and cat

Answer 3

Frontal

Question 4

What is frontal sinus subdivided into (3)

Answer 4

Lateral
Medial
Rostral

Question 5

What invades all 3 portions of frontal sinus

Answer 5

Ethmoturbinates (bones)

Question 6

Maxillary sinus aka (and why)

Answer 6

Maxillary recess
Broad open communication instead of small opening into nasal cavity

Question 7

Sphenoid sinus: definition/location, what it’s filled with in dogs

Answer 7

Small space within presphenoid bone
Filled with Ethmoturbinates

Question 8

What adjacent bones do Paranasal sinuses also invade (3)

Answer 8

Palatine
Lacrimal
Nasal conchae

Question 9

Why is passive drainage of maxillary sinus unlikely/impossible when animal is standing upright

Answer 9

Position of Foramen that drains sinus into nasal cavity
Easy for infectious materials to become trapped

Question 10

Which sinus covers and protects the brain case

Answer 10

Frontal

Question 11

Special consideration when using bullet/bolt during animal slaughter

Answer 11

Make sure shot is through thinnest part of frontal sinus because it covers part of brain case

Question 12

Maxillary sinus is in close proximity to what bone

Answer 12

Alveolar portion of maxilla

Question 13

Effects of proximity between maxillary sinus and alveolar portion of maxilla (4)

Answer 13

Overlap of sinus and distal maxillary teeth
Roots of molars and premolars can protrude into sinus during sinus and teeth growth
Transfer of infection between oral cavity/teeth and nasal cavity, complications when removing molar and premolar teeth

Question 14

2 structures that divide nasal cavity from oral cavity

Answer 14

Hard palate
Soft palate

Question 15

Hard vs soft palate

Answer 15

Hard = bony portion
Soft = caudal soft tissue extension

Question 16

3 components/bones of hard palate

Answer 16

Incisive bone
Maxilla
Palatine

Question 17

What 2 foramina are part of the hard palate

Answer 17

Major and minor palatine foramina

Question 18

Characteristic of mucosa covering hard palate

Answer 18

Highly keratinized

Question 19

Rugae: definition, location, function

Answer 19

Hard palate
Transverse ridges in mucosa typically with slight caudal angulation that helps direct food caudally in oral cavity

Question 20

Incisive papilla: definition, location

Answer 20

Hard palate
Raised bump directly caudal to central incisors

Question 21

Dental pad: definition, location, species

Answer 21

Hard palate
Extra thick and tough mucosa that serves in place of upper incisors
Cattle

Question 22

What is the soft palate composed of

Answer 22

Aponeurosis covered dorsally with nasal mucosa and ventrally with oral mucosa

Question 23

Flexibility of soft palate provides control over

Answer 23

Separation between digestive and respiratory pathways

Question 24

Which muscle runs longitudinally through ventral aspect of soft palate

Answer 24

Palatinus muscle

Question 25

Function/actions of palatinus muscle

Answer 25

Control position of palate Changes length and shape of palate (shortens and ventrally curls)

Question 26

Muscles of the palate (4)

Answer 26

Tensor veli palatini Levator veli palatini Palatoglossus Palatopharyngeus

Question 27

Levator veli palatini: OINA

Answer 27

O - muscular process of temporal bone (above palate) I - dorsal surface of soft palate N - vagus A - elevate soft palate

Question 28

Tensor veli palatini: OINA

Answer 28

O - muscular process of temporal bone I - lateral edge of soft palate after wrapping around pterygoid hamulus N - mandibular V3 A - tense soft palate (pulls laterally)

Question 29

Which 2 muscles connect soft palate to other muscular structures

Answer 29

Palatoglossus Palatopharyngeus

Question 30

Palatoglossus: action

Answer 30

Connect lateral aspect of palate to tongue

Question 31

Palatopharyngeus action

Answer 31

Connect caudolateral aspect of palate to pharyngeal wall

Question 32

Palatoglossus and Palatopharyngeus: innervation

Answer 32

Vagus

Question 33

Palatoglossal arch

Answer 33

Arch formed by each pair of palatoglossus and Palatopharyngeus muscles when viewed in combo with soft palate

Question 34

Palatine tonsil: definition, location, function

Answer 34

Mass of lymphoid tissue near confluence of oral and respiratory pathways Inside tonsilar bed = between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds 1st line of defense

Question 35

Major blood vessels of palate (3)

Answer 35

Descending palatine artery Major palatine artery Minor palatine artery

Question 36

Terminal branch of maxillary at Rostral end =

Answer 36

Descending palatine artery

Question 37

Path of major palatine artery to hard palate

Answer 37

Enters caudal palatine foramen and passes through palatine canal to reach hard palate

Question 38

Path of minor palatine artery to soft palate

Answer 38

Passes caudal to margin of hard palate to reach soft palate

Question 39

which blood vessel reaches hard vs soft palate

Answer 39

Hard = major palatine artery Soft = minor palatine artery

Question 40

2 branches of major palatine artery

Answer 40

Rostral Caudal

Question 41

Where does major palatine artery split

Answer 41

At ventral end of palatine canal

Question 42

Rostral branch of major palatine artery: path, where it ends up

Answer 42

Exits major palatine foramen —> through palatine groove —> palatine fissure —> branch to nasal cavity

Question 43

Caudal branch of major palatine artery: path, where it ends up

Answer 43

Exits minor palatine foramen —> forms Anastamoses between major and minor palatine arteries

Question 44

Which vessels in palate form Anastamoses

Answer 44

Caudal branch of major palatine artery + major and minor palatine arteries

Question 45

Which nerve provides postganglionic parasympathetics to palatine mucosa

Answer 45

Maxillary V2

Question 46

3 branches of maxillary V2: sensory innervation from palatine mucosa

Answer 46

Major palatine nerve Accessory palatine nerve Minor palatine nerve

Question 47

Major palatine nerve: parent nerve, runs with what artery, which palate is innervated

Answer 47

Maxillary V2 Rostral branch of major palatine artery Hard palate

Question 48

minor palatine nerve: parent nerve, runs with what artery, goes to what palate

Answer 48

Maxillary V2 Runs with minor palatine artery Soft palate

Question 49

Accessory palatine nerve: parent nerve, runs with what artery, where it ends up

Answer 49

Maxillary V2 Caudal branch of major palatine artery Transitional area between hard and soft palates

Question 50

Brachiocephalic syndrome: malformed regions (4)

Answer 50

Stenotic nares= too small to let in air Obstructed nasal cavity because turbinates are too big Elongated soft palate = protrudes into larynx and blocks function Hypoplastic trachea= negative pressure coming in

Question 51

Secondary effects of brachiocephalic syndrome (2)

Answer 51

Tracheal or laryngeal collapse

Question 52

Equine specialization: soft palate

Answer 52

Very long and hangs Rostral and ventral to epiglottis

Question 53

Equine specialization: Palatopharyngeus muscle

Answer 53

Forms sphincter around protruding laryngeal opening to divide space between respiratory and digestive pathways

Question 54

Horse specializations/limitations for respiration

Answer 54

Large nares to bring in more air Nasal diverticulum=hard limit to air intake during exercise Can only use nasal cavity to bring in air (no mouth)