Lecture 49: Immune Reactions that cause Disease

Question 1

Type 1 Allergy (IgE) (ITH):

Answer 1

• -> Occurs at higher prevalence in caucasian kiwis than anywhere else
• -> When you get exposed to the allergen, a reaction will occur within 10 - 20 minutes, antibodies are already in tissues, they just need allergen
• –> Strongly genetically linked
• -> In NZ at least 10% have allergies, 25% have bg allergies

Question 2

Examples of Immediate Type Hypersensitivity:

Answer 2

• Allergic rhinitis
• Asthma
• Eczema/urticaria
• Anaphylaxis

Question 3

How allergies develop:

Answer 3

- Mostly non-infectious (except parasites)
Plants: - pollens, nuts
Insects: - saliva + faeces
Food components - milk, eggs, fish
Drugs - penicillins

Question 4

An allergy is always a ______ response.

Answer 4

• Secondary

Question 5

We produce IgE against the allergen, when IgE is produced, it binds to other cells. It binds exclusively to basophils, mast cells, and platelets. There’s another extra piece on IgE that binds to these cells. The means mast cells everywhere:

Answer 5

• Mast cells are activated by pollen
• IgE antibodies all over mast cells
• Histamine causes allergy
• Allergen coming in, binding to IgE, and causing cells to degranulate

Question 6

Asthma:

Answer 6

• Constricted airway in asthma
• Mucus blocking up your lungs
• Smooth muscle contracts
• You can breathe in but can’t breathe out
• NEED ADRENALINE ASAP

Question 7

Eczema:

Answer 7

• Inflammation bc scratching

Question 8

Diagnosis of Immediate Type Allergy:

Answer 8

• Wheel and Flare reaction 20 to mins after injection of allergen (on back)

Question 9

Children are at high risk for developing allergies

Answer 9

–> Bursts

Question 10

Type II Allergy - Cytotoxic

Answer 10

• Haemolytic anaemia: all red blood cells are covered in antibodies
• Reticulocytes –> baby RBC’s
• Spherocytes –> Old dying RBC’s
• Defective B Cells
• Goodpasture’s Syndrome
• Defective Kidney’s

Question 11

Type III Allergy:

Answer 11

• Occurs when antigen gets into capillaries, kidneys, or joints
• Antibody-horse protein complex
• Systemic Lupus: Release antigen from yourself, when you get sunburnt, HUGE inflammation
• Immune complexes

Question 12

Rheumatoid Arthritis:

Answer 12

• Production of immune complex in your joints, immune cells come to help out, mess up your joints

Question 13

Delayed Type Hypersensitivity:

Answer 13

• Involves TH cells and Mø
• Takes 24 hours for response
• Red blistery lump

Question 14

Leprosy:

Answer 14

• T Cells + Macrophage galore

Question 15

Severe dermatitis of the hands…0

Answer 15

• Skin peeling off

- T Cell response

Question 16

Type V Allergy: Not Cytotoxic, Not Immune Complex:

Answer 16

• This disease was discovered in NZ
• Immunostimulatory: Grave’s DISEASE
• Feedback loop
• Antibody against TSH

Question 17

Grave’s Disease:

Answer 17

• Eyes protrude and feel dry
• Thyroid gland produces too much thyroid
• Baby has big eyes just like mum, will return to normal around 4 months
• Passive antibody causing disease in baby

Question 18

Type I Diabetes Mellitus:

Answer 18

• Cells in pancreas destroyed

- Cytotoxic T Cells react to (B) cells in pancreas (Beta Cells –> produce insulin)

Question 19

Immunodeficient animals:

Answer 19

• A nude rat
• Abnormal Epithelial Cells - can’t express hair
• Thymus, not many T Cells