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Brain and Behavior > Lectures 41, 42: Limbic System > Flashcards

Lectures 41, 42: Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of limbic system and associated structures (4)

A

Emotions and drives (amygdala), memory (hippocampus), homeostasis (hypothalamus), olfaction

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2
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional valence to sensory inputs and declarative memories, major output pathway to the anterior hypothalamus (autonomic and endocrine responses), fear conditioning

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3
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Reward, pleasure, laughter, addiction, aggression, fear, placebo effect

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4
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory, inhibit HPA axis

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5
Q

Areas of PFC and major functions (3)

A

Dorsolateral PFC (executive function, cognitive control), Orbitofrontal cortex (corrects/inhibits maladaptive responses and socially appropriate behavior), Anterior Cingulate Cortex (reward, anticipation, motivation)

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6
Q

Modulatory input NTs

A

5-HT, ACh, DA, NE

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7
Q

Major brain area modulating limbic system

A

Prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

Process of emotional perception

A

Stimulus –> appraisal (amygdala, insula) –> affective state (amygdala, insula, ACC, OFC, NA) –> regulation (PFC, ACC, hippocampus)

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9
Q

Schizophrenia involves which DA projections? What is hypo/hyper active

A

Mesolimbic (hyperactive), Mesocortial (hypoactive)

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10
Q

Learning (theory)

A

Strengthening of existing responses/behaviors or formation of new responses to existing stimuli that occurs because of practice or repetition

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11
Q

Habituation

A

Repeated stimulus –> decreased responses

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12
Q

Sensitization and some examples

A

Repeated stimulus –> increased response (LTP, kindling, chronic pain, addiction)

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13
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Neutral stimulus w/ unconditioned stimulus –> neutral stimulus causes response of unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Classical conditioning symbols

A

US –> UR; US + NS –> CR; CS –> CR

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15
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Increase in the strength of an extinguished behavior after

the passage of a period of time

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16
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Conditioned response as a result of a new stimulus that resembles conditioned stimulus

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17
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Association (by classical conditioning) between aversive stimulus and inability to escape leads to hopeless, apathetic response during subsequent exposure to same or new aversive stimulus

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18
Q

Imprinting

A

Learning occurring at a particular

age or a particular life stage that is rapid and independent of the consequences of behavior

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19
Q

Fear conditioning requires what structure?

A

Amygdala

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20
Q

Fear Network pathway, long loop

A

Afferents –> sensory thalamus –> cortex (appraisal) –> amygadala –> brainstem, hypothalamus for flight/fight response

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21
Q

Fear Network pathway, short loop

A

Afferents –> sensory thalamus –> straight to amygdala!

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22
Q

Operant Conditioning is basically…based on what feedback?

A

Trial and error learning based on reinforcement (positive or negative, punishment)

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23
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Behavior strengthened by avoiding an aversive consequence

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24
Q

Which is better, reinforcement vs punishment?

A

Reinforcement

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25
Q

Two schedules of reinforcement and subtypes

A

Fixed (continuous, fixed ration/interval) or Variable (ratio/interval)

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26
Q

Best schedule of reinforcement for extinction. Down side?

A

Variable; slow

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27
Q

Neurobiology of operant conditioning and NTs

A

Nucleus basalis (ACh) activated after conditioned stimulus; DA for positive reinforcement

28
Q

All drugs of abuse activate…increase DA where?

A

Mesolimbic DA system and increase DA in NA

29
Q

Describe Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

No amygdala = hyperorality, hypersexuality, no fear/aggression

30
Q

Describe Urbach-Wiethe disease

A

Rare genetic disorder, calcifications on amygdala –> cannot rate intensity of emotion/recognize fear expression

31
Q

Structures involved in empathy and associated functions (3)

A

Insula (experience painful emotions, imitate them, observe similar emotions); ACC (error in behaviors); Amygdala and frontal regions (empathy and maintaining socially acceptable behavior)

32
Q

In socipathy, where is dysfunction?

A

Amygdala/OFC/VMPFC/Insula/ACC

33
Q

Describe limbic encephalitis

A

Group of autoimmune disorders predominantly affecting of limbic system related to a tumor but usually presents BEFORE malignancy diagnosis

34
Q

How does limbic encephalitis present?

A

Subacute short term memory loss w/ other psych symptoms; other causes are ruled out

35
Q

Three major groups of limbic encephalitis

A
  1. Classical onconeural Abs against intracellular neuronal antigens; 2. Abs against neuonral surface/synapses; 3. No known Ab
36
Q

Examples of onconeuronal (ovary)

A

F

37
Q

Describe herpes simplex encephalitis cause, presentation, prognosis

A

HSV-1; confusion, personality change, seizures, impaired consciousness, fever, impaired memory –> quickly fatal if untreated

38
Q

Temporal lobe epilepsy

A

Seizures associated with fear, emotional responses

39
Q

Two types of dementia associated with limbic system

A

Frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s Dementia

40
Q

Hippocampus critical to what memory function?

A

Forming (not storing) new memories

41
Q

Describe limbic control of the HPA axis

A

Excitatory control from amygalda, inhibitory control from hippocampus (via GABAergic cells) –> CRF

42
Q

Cortisol excites/inhibits hippocampus. This is what kinda of feedback? So, excessive levels of cortisol can cause what?

A

Excites; negative feedback; hyperactivity in hippocampus, leading to damage and pathological feed-forward (more cortisol)

43
Q

The cellular circuity of hippocampus is all (NT) modulated by what? (2)

A

Glutamatergic; GABAergic interneurons and ACh from septum

44
Q

Amygdala is critical to what memory function?

A

Associative memory

45
Q

Bilateral lesions of amygdala comprise what syndrome. Describe.

A

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome; placidity, loss of fear, hypersexuality, and hyperphagia

46
Q

T/F: Amygdala and hippocampus are rarely foci of epilepsy

A

False: major epileptic focus

47
Q

Amygdala circuitry sends projections to which two major regions?

A

Forebrain AND hypothalamus (CRF release) & brainstem nuclei

48
Q

Two primary functions of PFC

A
  1. Working memory; 2. Executive control
49
Q

Nucleus accumbens and septal nuclei are both…

A

Reward regions

50
Q

Septal nuclei provide…

A

Strong cholinergic innervation of hippocampus

51
Q

Bed nucleus of stria terminalis gets output from? What psych disorder is this important for?

A

Output of amygdala, particularly implicated in anxiety

52
Q

Lateral habenula

A

Important interconnections with most other limbic structures

53
Q

Long-term memory storage is called what and requires what? Retrieving memory is called what? What does this do?

A

Consolidation, requires gene transcription; reconsolidation strengthens memory but also makes in unstable

54
Q

Three molecular bases for memory

A

Synapse-specific (LTP, LTD), whole cell plasticity (altered excitability) and changes in dendritic spines/nerve terminals

55
Q

Define declarative memory and what mediates it (2 brain regions)

A

Semantic/episodic with exquisite temporal features; hippocampus and amygdala

56
Q

Fear conditioning is a type of what kind of memory?

A

Declarative

57
Q

What type of cell has shown us that the hippocampus is important for spatial memory?

A

“Place Cells”

58
Q

Hippocampus required for _______ fear conditioning, amygdala required for _______ fear conditioning

A

Contextual (environment); cue (unconditioned stimulus)

59
Q

Define procedural memory and what mediates it (brain region)

A

Habit/motor memory; striatum

60
Q

Define working memory and what mediates it (brain region)

A

The ability to keep things in mind (prefrontal cortex)

61
Q

NA/VTA are crucial for signaling what aspect of memory?

A

Rewarding/punishing memory (good or bad)

62
Q

The septum uses what NT to contribute to memory?

A

ACh

63
Q

Where are memories likely stored?

A

PFC

64
Q

Emotional memory storage mediated by what system?

A

Monoamine systems

65
Q

Define social cognition

A

Ability to perceive others feelings from subtle cues

66
Q

What hormones are implicated in social cognition and what are each related to?

A

Oxytocin (affiliation) and vasopression (anxiety)

Brain and Behavior (56 decks)

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