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Brain and Behavior > Lectures 39, 40: Cerebellum > Flashcards

Lectures 39, 40: Cerebellum Flashcards

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1
Q

Layers of the cerebellum (broadly)

A

Cortex, white matter, deep cerebellar nuclei

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2
Q

Structural hierarchy of cerebellum (small –> large)

A

Folium –> lobule –> lobe

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3
Q

Lobes of cerebellum and associated fissures

A

Anterior (primary fissure) posterior (pastero-lateral fissure) floccular-nodular

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4
Q

One important cerebellum lobule and location. What can happen to this lobule?

A

Tonsil: posterior, hangs down the furthest; tonsilar herniation

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5
Q

Locations of 3 cerebellar nuclei

A

Fastigial - vermis, Interposed - intermediate, Dentate - lateral

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6
Q

What are the vestibular portions of the cerebellum?

A

Floccular-nodular (nodular in vermis)

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7
Q

Cerebellum receives all of its input from…(broadly, 2)

A

Spinal cord and brainstem

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8
Q

How many spinocerebellar tracts are there and what do they carry?

A

4, proprioception and error information

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9
Q

2 lower body tracts and what they carry

A

Dorsal (proprioception) and ventral (error signal) spinocerebellar tract

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10
Q

2 upper body tracts and what they carry

A

Cuneocerebellar (proprioception) and rostral spinocerebellar (error signal)

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11
Q

How does error signals work?

A

These tracts also carry information from higher brain regions and through interneurons compute difference between intended and actual muscular states

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12
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract ascends in which fascicle and terminates where? Then where does it ascend? Final synapse?

A

Gracile fascicle –> Clarke’s nucleus in thoracic spinal cord –> dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) –> inferior cerebellar peduncle

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13
Q

Cuneocerebellar tract pathway

A

Cuneate fascile –> lateral cuneate nucleus (medulla) –> cuneocerebellar tract –> inferior cerebellar peduncle

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14
Q

Ventral spinocerebellar tract pathway

A

Afferents from Golgi Tendon Organ + corticospinal information –> Interneurons (spinal border cells) –> cross in anterior commissure –> lateral funiculus –> superior cerebellar peduncle where they CROSS AGAIN

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15
Q

Why is the ventral spinocerebellar tract anomalous

A
  1. All other tracts travel via inferior cerebellar peduncle and 2. Double-crossed
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16
Q

Do we have to find upper body error tract? Also, what’s this tract called again?

A

No! Hard to determine anatomically; rostral spinocerebellar tract

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17
Q

Cerebellar homunculi principles (2) and name for this region

A

At least two homunculi; trunk of the body in vermis and arms/legs on intermediate regions; spinocerebellum

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18
Q

Other cerebellar inputs from medulla…(3); inferior cerebellar peducle carries which two?

A

Reticular formation, inferior olivary complex, vestibular nuclei; reticular and inferior olivary complex

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19
Q

Does the cerebellum get input from the pons? Crossed or uncrossed?

A

Yes! Enormous projections from pontine nuclei; crossed…duh! crossing fibers of the pons, after all!

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20
Q

What do pontine projections to the cerebellum form?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

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21
Q

How does the cerebral cortex influence the cerebellum?

A

Synapse on pontine nuclei

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22
Q

How is the crux cerebri organized?

A

Topographically by brain lobe that’s projecting

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23
Q

What portion of the cerebellum recieves pontine projections?

A

Lateral hemispheres (cerebrocerebellum)

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24
Q

Describe basic cerebellar connectivity (4 steps). Which cell type projects to deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

Cerebellar afferents –> cerebellar cortex –> deep cerebellar nuclei –> target nuclei; Purkinje cells

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25
3 layers of the cerebellum and associated cell types
Molecular layer (stellate, basket cells and Purkinje dendrites), Purkinje layer, Granular layer (granule cells, Golgi cells)
26
Two fiber systems of cerebellum and associated input structure
Mossy fiber-Parallel fiber (all the rest of the inputs, distributed inputs) and Climbing fiber (axons from inferior olivary complex, convergent inputs)
27
Basket and stellate cells are...synapse on, which are?
Inhibitory; Purkinje cells, inhibitory
28
All cerebellar inputs are...All interneurons are...
Excitatory; inhibitory
29
Deep cerebellar nuclei project to what three structures. Terminate where, except? Which are crossed?
Thalamus, red nucleus, vestibular nuclei; superior cerebellar peduncle (except vestibular, which goes through inferior); tracts to thalamus/red nucleus are crossed
30
What portions of the thalamus receive cerebellar input? What tract (a tract by any other name...)?
Ventral group (VLp); dentato-thalamic tract (thalamic fasciculus w/ BG projections)
31
So, where do the outputs of the cerebellum mostly travel through?
Superior cerebellar peduncle
32
If a cerebellar deficit is unilateral, the deficit will be? Why?
Ipsilateral; cerebellar efferents are contralateral, synapse in cortex and then projects down contralaterally in motor pathways (ending in same side)
33
Ataxia definition
Unsteady gait, imbalance, broad-based stance
34
Guillan-Mollaret (Myoclonic) Triangle pathway and symptoms
Inferior olive --> dentate nucleus --> red nucleus; palatal myoclonus that PERSISTS during sleep
35
Eye movements that depend on cerebellum (2)
Smooth pursuit (cortico-ponto-cerebellar network), optokinetic nystagmus
36
Vermal cerebellar problems broadly involve (3)
Standing roblems (wide-based gait, ataxia of gait); nystagmus, ocular dysmetria
37
Define titubations
Spasmodic nodding of head and neck
38
Hemispheric cerebellar problems broadly involve...What about pancerebellar?
Coordination of ipsilateral limb movements, rapid alternating movements; pancerebellar is combination of both hemi and vermis syndromes
39
Classical cerebellar tremor is (broadly)
Intentional
40
Anatomical cerebellar syndrome classes
Vermis, hemispheric, pancerebellar
41
A common eye movement problem in dysfunction of cerebellum
Nystagmus
42
Testing of Station (three things to look for)
1. Position of feet (ataxia is less w/ broad based); 2. Eyes open/closed (cerebellar NOT improved by visual orientation); 3. Direction of falling (lateral lesion --> falling to ipsilateral side, midline lesion --> indiscriminate falling)
43
What can cerebellar problem do to tone? Some features.
Hypotonia; ipsilateral, often with acute lesions, more noticeable in upper limbs/proximal muscles
44
What are the cerebellar hemispheric function tests (3)?
Finger-to-nose, rapidly alternating movement, heel-to-sin test
45
Rapid alternating movements: real name and what it means
Dysdiadochokinesis; tests ability to change direction
46
Finger to nose tests what?
Dysmetria (lack of coordination)
47
Check and rebound show what if it's pathological?
Large rebound (overshoot)
48
Cerebellar dysarthria is an abnormality in what parts of speech?
Articulation and prosody: long pauses between words, may be related to hypotonia of muscles
49
Three types of tremor and definitions
Resting (max at rest, symptom of PD), postural (max with limb in fixed position against gravity), intention
50
Which tremor is more related to cerebellar disorder?
Intention
51
Physiologic tremor is normal/abnormal and enhanced by what?
Normal, anxiety/stress/fatigue
52
Essential tremor is...(genesis) and increases with what? What about at rest?
Hereditary (genetic); aging; absent at rest
53
Palatal myoclonus definition and lesion location. What's special about this?
Rhythmic jerks of soft palate, lesions of Guillan-Mollaret (Myoclonic) Triangle pathway; NOT suppressed by sleep
54
Hypothyroidism can cause...What else (nutritional)?
Cerebellar ataxia; heavy metals (MO) and Vit E deficiency
55
Antiepileptic drugs and the cerebellum
Long-term antiepileptic drugs may cause cerebellar atrophy
56
Infections and children with cerebellar ataxia
Children can present with acute cerebellar ataxia after a non-specific viral infection
57
What 2 viruses can be associated with cerebellar ataxia?
HIV and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
58
What is the relationship between cerebellar ataxia and cancer?
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration syndrome (autoimmune process triggered by cancer)
59
What food item is related to cerebellar ataxia?
Gluten (Celiac's disease)
60
Define Friedreich ataxia
Progressive, genetic cerebellar ataxia w/ cardiomyopathy and diabetes
61
Define Ataxa-telangiectasia
Progressive ataxia with onset in infancy, genetic, capillary dilations (red nose) and malingnancies
62
Cardinal features of cerebellar dysfunction (7)
Hypotonia, ataxia, dysarthria, tremor, ocular motor dysfunction, decompensation of movement, impared rapid alternating movements

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