Lecture 57: Cognition

Question 1

Orbitofrontal cortex is substrate for…fMRI task that looks at this

Answer 1

Inhibitory control; No-Go

Question 2

Akinetic mutism is considered a failure of…Dysfunction? Causes

Answer 2

Go; medial frontal lobe (ACC); stroke of ACA, tumor, trauma, frontotemporal degeneration

Question 3

Parkinson’s Disease is fundamentally a problem with what behavior? Name two psych disorders in that can also be seen as being a problem with this.

Answer 3

Approach/withdrawal; bipolar disorder and addiction

Question 4

What determines hemispheric dominance?

Answer 4

Language lateralization

Question 5

R-handers have what proportion of L-hemi language dominance? L-handers?

Answer 5

98%; 60% w/ bilateral representation

Question 6

Three networks of attention

Answer 6

Alerting, orienting, executing network

Question 7

Describe executing network

Answer 7

Attention that is formed by top-down search driven by internal processes

Question 8

Wernicke’s area description

Answer 8

Recognize incoming auditory stimuli as having linguistic value and lexicon

Question 9

Transcortical sensory (one word)

Answer 9

Comprehension

Question 10

Broca’s area

Answer 10

Primary output for expressive language

Question 11

Transcortical motor (one word)

Answer 11

Expression

Question 12

Where is repetition?

Answer 12

Arcuate fasciculus

Question 13

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 13

Non-fluent speech: effortful/frustrated, telegraphic

Question 14

Transcortical motor aphasia

Answer 14

Expressive dysphasia: impaired fluency c/ preserved comprehension and repetition

Question 15

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 15

Receptive dysphasia: impaired comprehension w/ syntatically correct but semantically/lexically-empty

Question 16

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 16

Receptive dysphasia: impaired comprehension w/ preserved fluency and repetition

Question 17

Conduction aphasia

Answer 17

Impaired repetition alone (preserved fluency and comprehension)

Question 18

Which aphasia includes parapahasic errors and neologisms?

Answer 18

Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 19

Non-dominant “Wernicke” homologue

Answer 19

Receptive prosody (emotional valence)

Question 20

Non-dominant “Broca” homologue

Answer 20

Expressive prosody (deliver emotional layer)

Question 21

Alexia w/out agraphia (what kind of syndrome, cause, description)

Answer 21

Disconnection syndrome; PCA territory stroke: disconnection visual processing from language centers on other size (image comes into R visual field but then R must send info to L for language appreciation)

Question 22

Echoic memory facilitates…

Answer 22

Facilitates registration (

Question 23

Which one, STM or working memory requires active on-line maintenance? What three skills are involved? Time course?

Answer 23

Working memory (attention, task control, STM); seconds - minutes

Question 24

Two divisions of explicit/declarative memory

Answer 24

Semantic and episodic

Question 25

Three divisions of implicit memory

Answer 25

Procedural, classical conditioning, emotional

Question 26

Two types of memory dysfunction and subtypes. Most common scenario?

Answer 26

Anterograde (no new memories) and retrograde (temporal gradient and no temporal gradient); AD: temporal gradient = distant > recent (new are most delicate)

Question 27

Capgras Syndrome; clinical presentation. Where is the "cut"

Answer 27

Rare syndrome, memory-emotion disconnection syndrome; believes his loved ones are imposters; connecting temporal lobe ("what" pathway) to amygdala

Question 28

3 perceptual deficits and names/areas of orders

Answer 28

Complete unilateral appreception (sensory field cut); Attentional asymmetry (non-dominant parietal lobe = neglect); Asymmetry of perception of simultaneously presented stimuli (extinction)

Question 29

One quick way to evaluate neglect

Answer 29

Line bisection

Question 30

Anosgnosia (def) and two syndromes. Describe the lesion of the second syndrome.

Answer 30

Disturbance of deficit awareness; hemi-body neglect and Anton's syndrome (cortical blindness + unawareness due to occipital and parietal association area knock-out)

Question 31

Dyspraxia, praxicon (def)

Answer 31

Inability to preform a previously learned motor task; motor analogue of lexicon = temporo-spatial representation of learned skilled movements

Question 32

Where is the praxicon

Answer 32

Dominant parietal lobe

Question 33

Praxis neuroanatomy

Answer 33

Praxicon --> SMA --> CC --> L/R motor strop --> L/R cortico-spinal system

Question 34

Two apraxias seen in the clinic

Answer 34

Constructional apraxia, dressing apraxia

Question 35

Medial PFC/AC =

Answer 35

Go

Question 36

Orbito-frontal cortex =

Answer 36

No-go

Question 37

V/D-LPFC =

Answer 37

How to go

Question 38

Abulic-Akinetic syndrome area

Answer 38

mPFC

Question 39

Disinhibition syndrome area

Answer 39

OFC

Question 40

Dsyexecutive syndrome area

Answer 40

DLPFC

Question 41

"Scared to death" syndrome involves which region and bodily response

Answer 41

Stimulus evokes insula activation --> disrupts HR