Leukocyte Development, Kinetics, & Function

Question 0

3 forms of cell production

Answer 0

Erythropoiesis, Leukopoiesis, and Megakaryopoiesis

Question 1

A bacterial infection will most likely cause a dramatic increase in which cell line?

Answer 1

Neutrophils

Question 2

2 forms of leukopoiesis

Answer 2

Myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis

Question 3

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 3

Bone Marrow

Question 4

this theory suggests that all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell

Answer 4

Monophyletic Theory

Question 5

Growth factors and ______ are terms that can be used interchangeably

Answer 5

cytokines

Question 6

these are a group of soluble proteins that modulate the functional activites of other cells; responsible for stimulation or inhibition of RBC maturation

Answer 6

cytokines

Question 7

an essential cytokine in the early stages of hematopoiesis because stimulates cell proliferation

Answer 7

C-Kit; aka Stem Cell Factor

Question 8

what does GM-csf stand for?

Answer 8

Granulocyte Macrophage

Question 9

What does Meg-csf stand for?

Answer 9

Megakaryocyte

Question 10

what does G-csf stand for?

Answer 10

Granulocyte

Question 11

What does M-csf stand for?

Answer 11

Monocyte

Question 12

How can colony stimulating factors be used in patient care?

Answer 12

To start production of different cell lines

Question 13

Cytokines that exhibit multiple biologic activities including regulation of autoimmune and infammatory reactions and hematopoiesis

Answer 13

Interleukins

Question 14

2 examples of interleukins

Answer 14

IL-3 and IL-6

Question 15

Interleukin that controls production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages

Answer 15

IL-3

Question 16

Interleukin that stimulates myeloid and lymphoid cell linneages

Answer 16

IL-6

Question 17

programmed cell death

Answer 17

apoptosis

Question 18

accidental cell death

Answer 18

necrosis

Question 19

as cell matures what two things happen?

Answer 19

Decrease in cell size and decrease in N:C ratio

Question 20

What specific changes occur in the nucleus during cell maturation?

Answer 20

loss of nucleoli, decrease in size, condensation of chromatin, possible shape changes, possible nucleus ejections

Question 21

What specific changes occur in the cytoplasm during cell maturation?

Answer 21

Decrease in basophilia, increase in amount of cytoplasm, and granules may appear

Question 22

This cell has a nucleus with 2-5 nucleoli, moderate basophilia with less than 5 granules, and is not present in peripheral blood; these cells are increased in leukemia

Answer 22

Myeloblast

Question 23

These cells have a round to oval nucleus with 1-3 or more nucleoli, slightly coarser chromatin than myeloblast, basophilic cytoplasm with few red to purple primary granules and no secondary granules; these are not present in peripheral blood under normal conditions

Answer 23

Promyelocyte

Question 24

Primary granules are composed of ________

Answer 24

Myeloperoxidase

Question 25

Secondary granules are composed of _______

Answer 25

LAP

Question 26

These cells have a round to oval nucleus that may have one flattened side, nucleoli not ususally visible, coarse chromatin, and is more condensed that promyelo; the cytoplasm is slightly basophilic but starting to turn pink due to granules; these are not present in peripheral blood under normal conditions

Answer 26

Myelocyte

Question 27

This cell has an indented nucleus, nucleoli are not visible, and chromatin is coarse and clumped; cytoplasm is pink; not found in peripheral blood under normal conditions

Answer 27

Metamyelocyte

Question 28

this cell has a band shaped nucleus which is constricted but no threadlike filament; cytoplasm is pink; and ______% are found in peripheral blood

Answer 28

Band; 0-6%

Question 29

This cell's nucleus has 2-5 lobes connected by thin filaments and is found in the peripheral blood as _______%

Answer 29

Seg; 50-70%

Question 30

Two Pools in the bone marrow

Answer 30

Proliferation (mitotic) pool and maturation (storage) pool

Question 31

a left shift causes cells to be pushed out of the _______ pool 1st

Answer 31

maturation

Question 32

_______ stimulates neutrophils in the BM to enter the peripheral blood

Answer 32

G-csf

Question 33

loosely attached to the endothelial lining of small capillaries or sequestered in the spleen or liver

Answer 33

Marginal pool

Question 34

collected in venipuncture in the peripheral blood; neutrophils are split equally between the marginal and this pool

Answer 34

circulating

Question 35

neutophils that have migrated into tissues from the peripheral blood in response to infection or inflammation

Answer 35

Tissue pool

Question 36

part of the innate immune system, no memory against rexposure; MAJOR FUNC: Phagocytosis of bacteria

Answer 36

Neutrophils

Question 37

neutrophil recruitment to the inflammatory site

Answer 37

chemotaxis

Question 38

5 steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade

Answer 38

1 capture 2 rolling 3 slow rolling 4 firm adhesion 5 transmigration

Question 39

in this step chemoattractant activates endothelial cells; draws leukocytes to a position closer to the endothelium of the blood vessel

Answer 39

Capture

Question 40

in this step the WBC's transiently adhere to the endothelilum and begin to roll

Answer 40

Rolling

Question 41

cell adhesion molecule; expressed on the surface of activated endothelial cells

Answer 41

P-selectin

Question 42

this step requires expression of E-selectin on endothelium and CD18 integrin in lipid bilayer of WBC

Answer 42

Slow Rolling

Question 43

receptors that mediate attachment between a cell and the tissue

Answer 43

integrins

Question 44

process where adhered WBC escapes from the interior of the blood vessel through the endothelium

Answer 44

transmigration

Question 45

half life of neutrophils in the blood is ______ hours bfore they are removed by the RES

Answer 45

6-8

Question 46

Eosinophil maturation mirrors ________ maturation stages

Answer 46

neutrophil

Question 47

antigen presenting cells; regulate immune response by controlling mast cell function; increased in parasitic infections; allergic disorders such as asthma and food allergies

Answer 47

Eosinophils

Question 48

believed to share a common progenitor cell with eosinophils derived from the CMP; usually only divided in two phases, mature and immature

Answer 48

Basophils

Question 49

these cells mature in the tissues and are NOT leukocytes; similar to basophils but bigger

Answer 49

Mast cells

Question 50

What is the main difference between basophils and mast cells if they BOTH originate in the bone marrow and BOTH are major players in allergic inflammation?

Answer 50

Basos mature in the bone marrow and mast cells mature in the tissue

Question 51

share a GMP with neutrophils; originate in the bone marrow; storage pool is in the spleen but like neutrophils they have a circulating and marginal pool

Answer 51

Monocyte

Question 52

3 stages of monocytes

Answer 52

Monoblasts (indistinguishable from myelos), promonocytes, and monocytes

Question 53

Functions of monocyte/macrophage

Answer 53

innate immunity (phagocytosis), adaptive immunity (Ag presenting to T and B cells), and housekeeping (remove debris, storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis)

Question 54

The storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis or the erythroblastic island are also known as what?

Answer 54

nurse cells of sideroblasts

Question 55

What 2 types of immunity do lymphs provide?

Answer 55

Innate and Adaptive immunity

Question 56

these do not need to be presented with antigen and are part of the innate immunity of lymps

Answer 56

natural killer cells

Question 57

These cells are presented with an antigen and have to respond; one provides cellular immunity and one provides humoral immunity

Answer 57

cellular=T Cells / humoral=B cells

Question 58

B cells develop in the bone marrow and have what 3 stages?

Answer 58

Pro-B, Pre-B, and Immature B

Question 59

What is the primary function of B cells?

Answer 59

Antibody production (and can play a role in antigen presentation to T cells)

Question 60

After immature B cells leave the BM and travel to lymph nodes they are presented with antigen and either become memory B-cells or effector B cells, also known as what?

Answer 60

Plasma cells

Question 61

These develop in the thymus and regulate immune response

Answer 61

T cells

Question 62

What are the 3 stages of maturation for T cells?

Answer 62

Pro-T, Pre-T, and Immature T cell

Question 63

These develop in the thymus and bone marrow; their PRIMARY function is killing tumor cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization because they are a part of the innate immune system

Answer 63

Natural Killer Cells