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Lower Abdomen Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

entrance from stomach to esophagus

A

cardiac orifice

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2
Q

exit from stomach to duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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3
Q

temporary folds within the body of the stomach that reduce the volume of the stomach

A

rugae

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4
Q

rugae are the result of _____; churning movement

A

muscularis externa

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5
Q

primary function of stomach is ____; gastric juices convert a mass of food to a semiliquid mixture called ____

A

enzymatic digestion; chyme

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6
Q

rugae are controlled by ____

A

Auerbach’s plexus (myenteric plexus) (ANS, enteric NS)

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7
Q

the _____ crosses through the pylorus of the stomach

A

transpyloric plane

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8
Q

permanent folds within intestine; become more diffuse distally

A

plicae circularis

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9
Q

ileum empties into the cecum at the ____

A

ileocecal junction

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10
Q

superior part of duodenum is at vertebral level ____ and is anterior to ____

A

L1; anterior to bile duct and gastroduodenal a.

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11
Q

the descending portion of the duodenum is at vertebral levels ____ and ____/____ are located here

A

L2-L3; major/minor duodenal papillae located here

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12
Q

the inferior portion of the duodenum is at vertebral level ___ and crosses anterior to ____ & ____ and crosses posterior to ____

A

L3; IVC/aorta; SMA

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13
Q

ascending portion of duodenum at vertebral level ___

A

L3-2

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14
Q

from proximal to distal small intestine: ____ decrease in length, ____ decrease in number, ____ increase in number, and ____ & ____ increase

A

vasta recta; plicae circularis; arterial arcades; lymphatics/fat

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15
Q

remnant of embryonic yolk stalk; appears as a finger-like pouch about 1 m proximal to ileocecal valve; may become inflamed and mimic appendicitis

A

Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum

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16
Q

symptoms/findings of meckel’s diverticulum include:

A

hemorrhage, intussusception, diverticulitis, ulceration, obstruction

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17
Q

____ of the colon is just inferior to the right lobe of the liver

A

hepatic flexure (at the top of the ascending colon- also called right colic flexure)

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18
Q

____ of the colon is a more acute bend at the junction of the transverse and descending colon, just inferior to the spleen

A

splenic flexure

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19
Q

____ is more superior and posterior of the two flexures

A

splenic flexure

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20
Q

splenic flexure (or left colic flexure) is attached to the diaphragm by the ____

A

splenocolic ligament

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21
Q

the _____ are lateral to the ascending and descending segments of the colon and are depressions through which materials pass from one region of the peritoneal cavity to another

A

right and left paracolic gutters

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22
Q

opens into the cecum inferior to the ileocecal orifice

A

veriform appendix

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23
Q

triangular mesentery attached to the appendix

A

mesoappendix

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24
Q

the appendix is commonly _____ but varies considerably

A

retrocecal

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25
____ divides the abdominal cavity into 2 compartments
transverse mesocolon (suprocolic and infracolic compartments)
26
supracolic compartment contains:
stomach, liver, and spleen
27
infracolic comp. contains:
small intestine and ascending/descending colon
28
3 smooth muscle bands paralleling the length of the colon
teniae coli
29
outpouchings produced by the teniae coli
haustra coli
30
fat tags found along the colon
epiploic appendages
31
2nd major branch of the abdominal aorta; about 1 cm inferior to celiac a.; sends 15-18 intestinal aa. to small intestine
superior mesenteric a. (SMA)
32
SMA supplies up to _____ via:
supplies up to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon; via the ileocolic, right and middle colic, and inferior pancreaticoduodenal
33
3rd major branch of abdominal aorta; about 5 cm superior to aortic bifurcation
inferior mesenteric a. (IMA)
34
IMA supplies the colon from _____ via:
supplies colon from distal 1/3 of the transverse colon via the left colic, sigmoid (4), and superior rectal
35
____ exist between colic branches for collateral circulation
anastomoses
36
these anastomoses form a consistent vascular ____ around the colon via the _____
arc; marginal artery of Drummond
37
gastroduodenal a. gives off _____
superior pancreaticoduodenal aa.
38
SMA gives off _____
inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa.
39
____ supplies the rest of the pancreas with additional branches
splenic a.
40
lateral branches of abdominal aorta (lateral to SMA); enter the hilum of each kidney to supply it
renal arteries
41
renal arteries send off branches to ____ and ____
adrenal glands; ureters
42
other adrenal branches from _____ and _____
inferior phrenic aa; aorta
43
lateral branches of abdominal aorta (inferior to renal arteries)
gonadal arteries (ovarian or testicular)
44
ovarian arteries cross over ____ and ____; descend to pelvis to supply the ovaries
ureters; iliac vessels
45
testicular arteries cross over ____ and enter ____; descend into scrotum to supply testes
ureters; inguinal canal
46
gonadal arteries descend along the anterior surface of the ____ muscle
psoas
47
largest vein in the body that returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart
Inferior vena cava
48
IVC begins at about the ___ vertebral level, extends to the union of the ____
L5; common iliac veins
49
IVC returns poorly oxygenated blood from ___, ____, ____, and ____
lower limb; most of the back; abdominal wall; abdominopelvic viscera
50
blood from viscera goes through ____, meaning it must pass through the liver via the hepatic veins before entering the IVC
portal venous system
51
formed by the union of the splenic v. and superior mesenteric v. (at about L2 vertebral level)
portal vein
52
portal vein supplies venous return from:
- spleen - pancreas - gall bladder - abdominal gastrointestinal tract
53
the portal vein returns nutrient rich, poorly oxygenated blood to the ____, then it goes to ___ and then _____
liver; IVC; right atrium of the heart
54
4 anastomoses of portal and caval veins
1. gastric veins (portal) & esophageal veins (caval) 2. paraumbilical veins (portal) & epigastric veins (caval) 3. superior rectal veins (portal) & middle/inferior rectal veins (caval) 4. colic veins (portal) & retroperitoneal veins (caval)
55
____ restricts blood flow and causes caval veins to become engorged; may cause them to become ____ and ____
portal hypertension; dilated; varicose
56
dilated esophageal veins produce ____
esophageal varices
57
dilated epigastric veins produce ____ (distended and engorged paraumbilical veins - often resulting from cirrhosis)
caput medusae
58
dilated inferior/middle rectal veins produce ____
hemorrhoids
59
for nerve supply to the abdomen, sympathetic fibers originate from ____
T5-T12-L2 (thoracolumbar)
60
for nerve supply to abdomen, parasympathetic fibers originate from ____ and ____
CN X (vagus n.) ; S2-4 (craniosacral)
61
sympathetics of the abdomen: preganglionic splanchnic nerves synapse in _____
collateral ganglia
62
sympathetics: ____ leave ganglia to reach _____
postganglionic fibers; effector organs
63
sympathetics: post-synaptic fibers travel on all main arterial branches:
celiac trunk, SMA, renal aa, IMA, and all their branches
64
parasympathetics of abdomen: preganglionic nerves from ____ travel on upper arterial branches (i.e. ??)
CN X | upper arterial branches: celiac trunk, SMA, renal aa. and all their branches
65
parasympathetics of abdomen: preganglionic nerves from ____ travel on lower arterial branches (i.e.???)
S2-4 | lower arterial branches: IMA and branches
66
parasympathetics: synapses occur within ____
effector organs
67
4 major autonomic ganglia
- celiac ganglion - aorticorenal ganglion - superior mesenteric ganglion - inferior mesenteric ganglion
68
celiac ganglion plexus travels with ____
celiac branches
69
superior mesenteric ganglion plexus travels with ____
SMA branches
70
aorticorenal ganglion plexus travels with ____
renal branches
71
Inferior mesenteric ganglion travels with ____
IMA branches
72
celiac, aorticorenal, and superior mesenteric ganglion/plexus receive _____ and _____
thoracic splanchnic nerves (postganglionic sympathetic) and CN X branches (Preganglionic parasympathetic)
73
inferior mesenteric ganglion/plexus receives ____ and _____
L1-2 splanchnic nerves (postganglionic sympathetic) and S2-4 branches (preganglionic parasympathetic)

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