Intro to Histo Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
two divisions of anatomy
A
macroscopic or gross anatomy; microscopic anatomy
2
Q
___, ____, and ____ make up microscopic anatomy
A
cytology, histology, and organology
3
Q
____ always reflects ____ or ____ always reflects _____
A
function; structure; physiology; anatomy
4
Q
4 types of tissues
A
epithelial tissue (epithelium), muscle tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue
5
Q
the study of the microscopic anatomy (microanatomy) of cells and tissues of plants and animals
A
histology
6
Q
levels of structural organization
A
chemical level (atoms, molecules, organelles); cellular level; tissue level; organ level; organ system level; organismal level
7
Q
3 major techniques in histology
A
light microscopy, electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy
8
Q
Specimens examined via transillumination (i.e., passing light through the specimen to facilitate observation)
A
light microscopy
9
Q
electron microscopy provides ____ and ____
A
greater resolution; higher magnification
10
Q
2 types of electron microscopy
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transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
11
Q
uses a beam of electrons that passes through the specimen
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transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
12
Q
beam of electrons scans the surface of the specimen
A
scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
13
Q
molecular and atomic resolution; DNA can be looked at with this mechanism; atom passes over surface and is deflected; does not require specimen to be in a vacuum
A
atomic force microscopy
14
Q
Defined as how far two objects must be separated from one another so that they can be distinguished as two distinct objects
A
resolving power or resolution
15
Q
resolution is dependent on:
A
- optical system
- wavelength of light source
- specimen thickness
- quality of fixation
- staining intensity
16
Q
steps necessary for light microscopy
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- acquisition of cells or tissues
- fixation
- processing
- embedding
- sectioning
- staining
17
Q
procession involves ____, ____ and _____
A
dehydration, clearing, and infiltration
18
Q
dehydration uses a ____ series of alcohol
A
graded
19
Q
clearing uses a ____ substance
A
miscible
20
Q
infiltration uses a _____
A
liquid embedding medium
21
Q
problems with the typical histological technique used to prepare tissues to be observed with a light microscopic examination (i.e. with paraffin):
A
- time
- solvent dissolves lipids
- shrinkage of tissues
22
Q
to combat time issue, ____ is used
A
cryostat
23
Q
to combat solvent issue ____ is used in which first fixation is done with ____ and a second fixation is done with _____
A
double fixation; glutaraldehyde; osmium tetroxide
24
Q
to combat shrinkage issue, embedding in ____ is used
A
resin
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carry a net negative charge; bind with cationic cell/tissue components (i.e. those that carry a net positive charge)
acidic dyes
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examples of acidic dyes
eosin, orange G, and acid fuchsin
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acidic dyes stain ____ (or ____) tissues, those tissues with a high affinity for acid dyes; these tissues exhibit acidophilia)
acidophilic; eosinophilic
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things that acidic dyes stain
mitochondria, secretory granules, collagen fibers (as well as other extracellular fibers), general cytoplasm, basement membrane
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staining with acidic dyes is less _____; more substances within cells and the extracellular matrix exhibit ____ than _____
specific; acidophilia; basophilia
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basic dyes carry a net ____ charge and bind with ____ cell/tissue components
positive; anionic (those that carry a net negative charge)
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examples of basic dyes
toluidine blue, alcian, and methylene blue; hematoxylin, although not a basic dye, acts like one
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basic dyes stain ____ tissue, i.e. those with a high affinity for basic dyes
basophilic (tissues exhibit basophilia)
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basic dyes bind to :
-negative phosphate group on DNA and RNA (cell nucleus, nucleoli, RNA-rich portions of the cytoplasm); the carboxyl groups of proteins; sulfate groups of cartilage cartilage matrix (GAGs)
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stains basophilic tissue, has a blue hue, has affinity to nuclei
hematoxylin (+)
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stains acidophilic tissue, has a pink hue, has affinity to cytoplasm
eosin (-)
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varieties of microscopes/microscopy
- bright field microscope/microscopy
- fluorescence microscope/microscopy
- bright field microscopy
- phase-contrast microscopy (unstained specimens used)
37
histochemistry and cytochemistry steps:
1. section immersed in solution of enzyme's substrate
2. Enzyme acts on substrate
3. Section put in contact with a marker compound
4. Marker compound reacts w/ molecule produced by enzymatic action on substrate
5. Final product (insoluble and visible by light or electron microscopy) precipitates over site
38
other histology techniques
histochemistry, cytochemistry, immunohistochemistry
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the plasma membrane (plasmalemma) is composed of ____, ____, _____ and _____
phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and chains of oligosaccharides
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Site where materials are exchanged between the cell and its environment; regulates the ion concentration of the cytoplasm; also recognition, regulatory, and interaction functions
plasma membrane
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thickness of plasma membrane
7.5 to 10 nm in thickness (EM)
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structure of plasma membrane
trilaminar (EM); fluid mosaic model
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bulk uptake of material across plasma membrane into the cell; folding and fusion of membrane to form vesicles
endocytosis
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“cell-eating”; phagosome; then fuses with lysosomes.
phagocytosis
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“cell-drinking”; pinocytotic vesicle; then fuses with lysosomes.
pinocytosis
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binding of the ligand to a receptor causes coated pits made of clathrin to form; pinches off to form a coated vesicle; fuses with endosomal compartment to form endosomes.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
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release of material across plasma membrane into the extracellular space; involves vesicle fusing with plasma membrane and releasing its contents.
exocytosis
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site of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular components
lysosome
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size of lysosomes
0.05 micrometers to 0.5 micrometers
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lysosomes are membrane bound ____ that contain about 40 different _____
vesicles; hydrolytic enzymes
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function of ribosomes
protein synthesis
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size of ribosomes
20nm x 30 nm
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Ribosoms are composed of two different-sized subunits; the subunits are composed of ____ and ______; can be found free within the _____ or attached to membrane of the _______
rRNA; proteins; cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum
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Network of intercommunicating channels and sacs of membranes which enclose a space called a cisterna.
endoplasmic reticulum
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ribosomes on the cytosolic side of the membrane; produces proteins for secretion
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
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Regions of ER without ribosomes; cisternae are much more tubular; important in the production of phospholipids; abundant in cells that synthesize steroid hormones (i.e. steroid synthesis).
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
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Completes post-translational modifications, packages, and sorts proteins synthesized in the RER.
golgi apparatus (golgi complex)
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the golgi apparatus is composed of smooth membranous _____; has a ____ (i.e., entry) face and a _____ (i.e., exit) face
saccules; cis; trans
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Membrane-enclosed organelles with enzymes arrays specialized for aerobic respiration and production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
mitochondria
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size of mitochondria
0.5 micrometers-1.0 micrometers in diameter and 5 micrometers-10 micrometers in length
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mitochondria have two membranes (i.e., inner and outer) and two compartments (i.e., _____); inner membrane folded to form _____ which project into matrix
matrix and intermembrane space; cristae
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Formed at the Golgi apparatus; store product until it is released via exocytosis
secretory vesicles or granules
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structure of secretory vesicles or granules
secretory product surrounded by membrane
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degrade denatured and nonfunctional polypeptides
proteasomes
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proteasomes are ____ proteins (i.e. no membrane); they have a ____ structure and are made of ____
cytoplasmic; cylindrical; 4 stacked rings
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oxidizes various potentially toxic molecules as well as prescription drugs
peroxisomes
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size of peroxisomes
0.5 micrometers in diameter
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peroxisomes are ____ membrane-limited organelles
spherical
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microtubules are fine tubular structures found in _____, _____, _____, _____ and ______
cytoplasmic matrix, centrioles, basal bodies, cilia, and flagella
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microtubules are important for formation and maintenance of _____; cellular transport of ____ and ______; create repeated beating motion
cell shape; organelles; vesicles
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size of microtubules
outer diameter of 24 nm and a dense wall 5 nm thick; hollow lumen
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length of microtubules
variable; can be many micrometers in length
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microtubules are composed of ____ and ____ tubulin molecules; they organize to form 13 parallel _______
alpha; beta; protofilaments
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in cilia and flagella, the same core structure of microtubules is present:
axoneme
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There is assembly of microtubules in a _____
9+2 pattern
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Nine peripheral doublets have an outer arm of ____ which connects to next doublet; ATP-dependent interaction cause _____- get repeated beating movement
dynein; conformational changes
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Allow for contractile activity within cells, including cell shape changes for endocytosis, exocytosis, and cell locomotion, moving cytoplasmic components, and cleavage during mitosis
microfilaments (actin filaments)
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size of microfilaments (actin filaments)
5-9 nm
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structure of microfilaments
composed of globular subunits organized into a double-stranded helix
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intermediate filaments are very ____; they provide ____ and _____
stable; mechanical strength; stability
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size of intermediate filaments
10-12 nm in diameter
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structure of intermediate filaments
Protein subunits different in different cell types; rod-like subunit that organize into a cable-like structure
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inclusions are cytoplasmic structures or deposits composed mainly of ______ or other substances; they are not considered _____
accumulated metabolites; organelles
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examples of inclusions
lipid droplets, glycogen granules, and pigment deposits
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main components of the nucleus
1. nuclear envelope
2. chromatin
3. nucleolus
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chromatin is the _____ material in a largely ____ state
chromosomal; uncoiled
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2 types of chromatin
heterochromatin and euchromatin
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heterochromatin are ____ in EM and _____ in light microscopy
course granules; basophilic clumps
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euchromatin are less ____; they are ____ in EM and lightly ____ in light microscopy
coiled; fine granules; basophilic areas
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the nucleolus is...
a spherical, basophilic structure present in nuclei of cells active in protein synthesis; lots of rRNA in this location
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the process of cell suicide or programmed cell death
apoptosis
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apoptosis leads to the production of ______ which undergo ____ by neighboring cells
small, membrane-enclosed apoptotic bodies; phagocytosis
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resolving power of human eye
0.2 mm
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resolving power of light microscope
0.2 micrometers
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Resolving power of SEM
2.5 nm
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resolving power of TEM
0.05 nm (theoretical)/ 1.0 nm (tissue section)
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resolving power of atomic force microscopy
50.0 pm
98
hematoxylin only would stain ____
blue
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eosin only would stain ____
pink
100
hematoxylin and eosin together would stain ____
purple
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hematoxylin is a ___ dye that would stain ____ tissue
basic; basophilic
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hematoxylin has a ____ hue and an affinity for _____
blue; nuclei
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eosin is a ____ dye and would stain ____ tissue
acidic; acidophilic
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eosin has a ____ hue and an affinity for _____
pink; cytoplasm
105
two parallel unit membranes separated by a narrow space; at sites where inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope fuse, nuclear pore complexes form; where regulation of the transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm takes place.
nuclear envelope
106
spherical, highly basophilic structure present in nuclei of cells active in protein synthesis; lots of rRNA in this location
nucleolus
