nervous system overview

Question 1

brain is comprised of the ___, ____ and ____

Answer 1

cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem

Question 2

CNS consists of ___ and ___ matter which is defined by the portion of the ____ most prominent in that area

Answer 2

gray; white; neuron

Question 3

gray matter contains the ____

Answer 3

cell bodies

Question 4

gray matter in the brain is the ___ and in the spinal cord is the ____

Answer 4

outer portion; inner portion

Question 5

white matter contains ____ that form tracts (pathways)

Answer 5

axons

Question 6

white matter in the brain is ____ and in the spinal cord is ____

Answer 6

inner portion; outer portion

Question 7

spinal cord is present in ___ of the superior portion of the vertebral canal

Answer 7

2/3

Question 8

the PNS is peripherally ____ and ____ nerves

Answer 8

cranial; spinal

Question 9

a spinal nerve is a ___ nerve

Answer 9

mixed (mixed with different neuronal axons)

Question 10

spinal nerves carry ___, ____ and ___ signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body

Answer 10

motor; sensory; autonomic

Question 11

spinal cord ends about ____ vertebrae level

Answer 11

L1-L2

Question 12

communicates with internal glands and organs

Answer 12

autonomic nervous system

Question 13

communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles

Answer 13

somatic nervous system

Question 14

central nervous system made up of the ___ and ____; develops from the _____

Answer 14

brain; spinal; neural tube

Question 15

all other NS structures that connect the CNS with the rest of the body

Answer 15

PNS

Question 16

the PNS develops from ____ and _____

Answer 16

neural crest; CNS outgrowths

Question 17

receives information from and responds to external world

Answer 17

somatic NS

Question 18

somatic NS innervates structures that develop from ____

Answer 18

somites

Question 19

innervates organ systems & its elements; detects and responds to information within body

Answer 19

visceral/autonomic NS

Question 20

the somatic NS is ____; stimulation of the ____ results in activation of a particular action

Answer 20

excitatory; axon/nerve

Question 21

Somatic NS is concerned with conscious sensation and response usually via _____ and contains parts of the CNS and PNS.

Answer 21

striated muscle

Question 22

the somatic NS provides sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body except:

Answer 22

viscera, smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands

Question 23

Visceral NS is our autonomic NS and is generally concerned with sensations of our internal body and actions via ____ and _____

Answer 23

smooth muscles; glands

Question 24

autonomic NS provides _______ to smooth muscle, the conducting system of the heart, and glands. It also provides _______ from the viscera (pain and autonomic reflexes)

Answer 24

efferent involuntary motor innervation; afferent sensory innervation

Question 25

groups of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

Answer 25

nucleus (nuclei)

Question 26

groups of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

Answer 26

ganglion (ganglia)

Question 27

glia of the CNS

Answer 27

- astrocyte - oligodendroglia - microglia

Question 28

glia of the PNS

Answer 28

schwann cells (also called neurilemmal cell of schwann)

Question 29

outermost layer of thick dense connective tissue that is continuous at its outer surface with the periosteum of the skull

Answer 29

dura mater

Question 30

channels lined with endothelium within the dura which return blood from the brain to the vascular system, ultimately drained through the internal jugular vein

Answer 30

venous (dural) sinuses

Question 31

a delicate sheet of connective tissue adjacent to the inner surface of the dura

Answer 31

arachnoid mater

Question 32

the arachnoid layer extends _____, loose connective tissue with elongated fibroblasts , to the pia mater , creating a web like tissue

Answer 32

arachnoid trabeculae

Question 33

betw the dura and arachnoid layers is the _____, where cerebrospinal fluid circulates to protect and cushion the brain

Answer 33

subarachnoid space

Question 34

the innermost layer, directly adherent to the brain and spinal cord which is continuous with the perivascular connective tissue sheath of blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 34

pia mater

Question 35

CNS covered by 3 meninges:

Answer 35

dura, arachnoid, and pia

Question 36

loose conn. tiss. surrounding each individual nerve fiber. Not visible at LM level, but at EM level(collagen fibrils)

Answer 36

endoneurium

Question 37

specialized conn. tiss. surrounding a nerve fascicle that contributes to the formation of the blood-nerve barrier by serving as a metabolically active diffusion barrier & maintaining the ionic milieu of the ensheathed nerve fibers. (tight junctions & active transport mechanisms maintain this). (Vascularized)

Answer 37

perineurium

Question 38

dense irregular conn. Tissue surrounding and binding nerve fascicles into a common bundle of nerve fibers. Adipose is associated with epineurium in larger nerves. (Vascularized)

Answer 38

epineurium

Question 39

3 connective tissues of PNS

Answer 39

epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium

Question 40

stimulated by environmental changes or activities of other cells

Answer 40

dendrites

Question 41

contains the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and other organelles and inclusions

Answer 41

cell body

Question 42

conducts nerve impulse (action potential) toward synaptic terminals

Answer 42

axon

Question 43

affect other neuron or effector organs (muscle or gland)

Answer 43

terminal boutons

Question 44

neurons are made up of:

Answer 44

dendrites, cell body, axon, and terminal boutons

Question 45

left side of the brain that controls the right side of the body

Answer 45

contralateral projection or tract

Question 46

cell bodies on the right side of the brain control the right side of the body

Answer 46

ipsilateral projection/tract

Question 47

spinal nerve on one side can control either side of the body

Answer 47

bilateral projection/tract

Question 48

refers to the X-shaped crossing of nerve bundles at junctional regions

Answer 48

decussation

Question 49

two types of decussation

Answer 49

``` pyramidal decussation (brain-spinal cord) decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles (pons-midbrain) ```

Question 50

link between the two sides of the nervous system

Answer 50

commissure

Question 51

examples of commissures

Answer 51

anterior commissure corpus callosum posterior commissure

Question 52

general sensory functions

Answer 52

touch, vibration, pain, temperature, proprioception (spatial awareness)

Question 53

general sensory cell bodies in _____, developed from _____

Answer 53

dorsal root ganglion; neural crest cells

Question 54

general sensory cells special shape

Answer 54

pseudounipolar

Question 55

special sensory functions

Answer 55

vision, olfaction, audition, taste, balance & equilibrium (vestibular) (proprioception – by semicircular canals as well)

Question 56

nerves that innervate structures derived from somites (skin and most skeletal muscle or voluntary muscles); segmentally organized because of the developmental process

Answer 56

somatic efferent

Question 57

sensory segmentation of somatic efferent nerves follows ____

Answer 57

dermatomes

Question 58

motor segmentation of somatic efferent nerves follows _____

Answer 58

myotomes

Question 59

ANS ____ component can be subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic NSs

Answer 59

efferent

Question 60

the sympathetic NS involves visceral motor components associated with spinal levels ____; supply/innervate _____, ____ and other viscera

Answer 60

T1 to L2(3); peripheral glands, smooth muscle

Question 61

the parasympathetic NS involves visceral motor components associated with _____; they supply/innervate _____

Answer 61

(CNs III, VII, IX, & X) and spinal levels S2 to S4; peripheral viscera

Question 62

neurons in the walls of the alimentary canal controlloing motility (contractions of the gut wall), exocrine and endocrine secretions, & blood flow thu the gastrointestinal tract, it also regulates immunological and inflammatory processes. There are parasymp. & symp connections between this system and the CNS.

Answer 62

enteric NS

Question 63

sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Answer 63

T1 to L2

Question 64

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Answer 64

- sympathetic chain | - prevertebral ganglia (via splanchnic nerve)

Question 65

parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

Answer 65

- CNs (CNS nuclei) | - S2 to S4

Question 66

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Answer 66

- 4 cranial ganglia | - ganglia with organs

Question 67

are either somatic or visceral and combine fibers from different sources or levels to form new nerves with specific targets or destinations

Answer 67

nerve plexuses

Question 68

major somatic plexuses include the anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves from spinal regions:

Answer 68

``` cervical = c1-c4 brachial = C5- T1 Lumbar= L1-L4 Sacral= L4-S4 coccygeal= S5-Co ```

Question 69

types of visceral plexuses

Answer 69

cardiac, pulmonary, prevertebral (aortic)