Histo of the Urinary System

Question 1

the kidneys filter ____, ___, ____, and ____ from the blood to keep it pure

Answer 1

toxins; metabolic wastes; excess water; excess ions

Question 2

kidneys dispose of ____ wastes from the blood such as:

Answer 2

nitrogenous wastes such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine

Question 3

the kidneys regulate the balance of ___ and ___/ ___ and ____

Answer 3

waster; electrolytes; acids; bases

Question 4

the base of the renal pyramids faces the ___ and the apex is the ____

Answer 4

cortex; renal papilla

Question 5

____ are between renal pyramids

Answer 5

renal columns

Question 6

the renal cortex contains renal ____ and associated tubules

Answer 6

corpuscles

Question 7

the renal medulla has ____, ____, and ____

Answer 7

straight tubules; collecting ducts; vasa recta

Question 8

a renal lobe consists of a renal ____, its overlying ____, and one half of each adjacent renal ____

Answer 8

pyramid; renal cortex; columns

Question 9

the glomerular capillary bed is unusual in having arterioles going both to it (____) and away from it (_____) instead of a vein going away from it as most; also unusual in having two capillary beds in series (one following the other)

Answer 9

afferent; efferent

Question 10

path of the vasculature of the kidneys

Answer 10

aorta, renal a, segmental a, interlobar a, arcuate a, interlobar a, afferent arteriole, glomerulus (capillaries), efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, interlobar v, arcuate v, interlobar v, renal v, IVC

Question 11

in filtration, fluid is squeezed out of the ____

Answer 11

glomerular capillary bed

Question 12

in reabsorption, most nutrients, water, and essential ions are returned to the blood of the ____

Answer 12

peritubular capillaries

Question 13

secretion moves additional undesirable molecules into ___ from blood of ____

Answer 13

tubule; peritubular capillaries

Question 14

two parts of the nephron

Answer 14

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Question 15

____ is where tubular reabsorption and secretion occurs

Answer 15

renal tubule

Question 16

each nephron will drain into a _____

Answer 16

collecting tubule

Question 17

nephron plus its collecting tubule form the _____

Answer 17

uriniferous tubule

Question 18

type of nephron in which the renal corpuscle is located near the medulla, but still in the cortex

Answer 18

juxtamedullary nephron

Question 19

____ have their loop of Henle in the renal medulla near its junction with the renal cortex, while ____ have their loop of Henle deep in the medulla

Answer 19

cortical nephrons; juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 20

the renal corpuscle is where ____ occurs

Answer 20

glomerular filtration

Question 21

two components to the renal corpuscle

Answer 21

• glomerulus

- Bowman’s capsule (glomerular capsule)

Question 22

tuft of capillaries composed of 10 to 20 capillary loops.

Answer 22

glomerulus

Question 23

the glomerular capillaries are supplied by an ____ and drained by an ____

Answer 23

afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole

Question 24

double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerulus

Answer 24

bowman’s capsule

Question 25

there is an internal or ___ layer of bowman's capsule and an external or ____ layer

Answer 25

visceral; parietal

Question 26

where afferent / efferent arterioles enter/exit the renal corpusle

Answer 26

vascular pole

Question 27

where filtrate exits bowman's space and enters the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 27

urinary or tubular pole

Question 28

podocytes are also called _____

Answer 28

visceral epithelial cells

Question 29

cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus

Answer 29

podocytes

Question 30

podocytes have long processes called ___ or ____ for which the cells are named

Answer 30

foot processes; pedicels

Question 31

intercellular clefts between the interdigitating pedicels of podocytes that are about 40 nm wide

Answer 31

filtration slits

Question 32

semipermeable membrane covering filtration slits

Answer 32

slit diaphragm

Question 33

the renal tubule consists of _____, ____, and _____

Answer 33

- proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - Loop of Henle (nephron loop) with descending and ascending limb - distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Question 34

renal tubule is where ____ and ____ occurs

Answer 34

tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion

Question 35

PCT is confined to the ____ and has ____

Answer 35

renal cortex; simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 36

PCT has long microvilli called ____ and ___ appearance in slides/pictures

Answer 36

brush border; fuzzy

Question 37

thick descending limb of the loop of Henle (aka proximal straight tubule) has ____

Answer 37

simple cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 38

thin descending limb of the loop of Henle has ____

Answer 38

simple squamous epithelial cells

Question 39

thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle has ____

Answer 39

simple squamous epithelial cells

Question 40

thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (aka distal straight tubule) has _____

Answer 40

simple cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 41

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is confined to ____ and has _____, but cells are ___ than in the PCT

Answer 41

renal cortex; simple cuboidal epithelium; smaller

Question 42

DCT has lots of ____ which makes cells very _____

Answer 42

mitochondria; eosinophilic

Question 43

____ are fewer are not long in the DCT which means there is no ____

Answer 43

microvilli; brush border

Question 44

the lumen of the DCT is ____ than the PCT

Answer 44

smoother

Question 45

structure where afferent arteriole makes contact with ascending limb of loop of Henle

Answer 45

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 46

thickened part of DCT

Answer 46

macula densa

Question 47

modified muscle cells in arteriole

Answer 47

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 48

____ + ____ = juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

Answer 48

macula densa; juxtaglomerular cells

Question 49

collecting ducts collect ____ from ____

Answer 49

urine; DCT

Question 50

collecting ducts have ____ that appears less specialized than PCT or DCT

Answer 50

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 51

____ in the collecting ducts is relatively clear and cell border are usually ____

Answer 51

cytoplasm; distinct

Question 52

collecting ducts merge and become ____ as they descend through the medulla

Answer 52

larger

Question 53

___, ___, ____, and ____ all have the same histological structure, with walls becoming thicker closer to the ____

Answer 53

renal calyces; renal pelvis; ureters; urinary bladder; bladder

Question 54

mucosa of the urinary system composed of ____ and ____

Answer 54

transitional epithelium (urothelium); lamina propria

Question 55

the muscularis externa of the urinary system is composed of ____ muscle with inner ____, outer ____ layer and outermost ____ layer (distal end of ureter and present in the bladder)

Answer 55

smooth; longitudinal; circular; longitudinal

Question 56

outermost layer of these urinary structures is ____

Answer 56

adventitia

Question 57

ureter is a muscular tube about 10-12 inches in length; ureters have a ___ lumen and 2-3 layers of ____

Answer 57

star shaped; smooth muscle

Question 58

through peristalsis, the ureters propel urine from the ___ to the ____

Answer 58

kidneys; bladder

Question 59

hollow, distensible, muscular organ; stores urine with average capacity of ____

Answer 59

bladder; 250 mL

Question 60

in males, the prostatic urethra is ____

Answer 60

urothelium

Question 61

the membranous urethra is ____ and ____

Answer 61

stratified columnar epithelium; pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 62

the spongy urethra is ____ and ____ and distally _____

Answer 62

stratified columnar epithelium; pseudostratified columnar epithelium; stratified squamous epithelium

Question 63

the urethra in females is initially ____ and then _____ (occasionally _____)

Answer 63

urothelium; stratified squamous epithelium; pseudostratified columnar epithelium