MIDTERM 04 - Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli

Question 1

A spore-forming aerobic, gram-positive bacilli with non swollen sporangium that occurs in chains

Answer 1

Bacillus sp.

Question 1

2 groups of spore-forming, gram-positive bacilli

Answer 1

Bacilli, Clostridium

Question 2

2 Bacillus species that are sources of antibiotics (SP)

Answer 2

Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus polymyxa

Question 3

Antibiotic sourced from Bacillus subtilis

Answer 3

Bacitracin

Question 4

Antibiotic sourced from Bacillus polymyxa

Answer 4

Polymyxin

Question 5

Causes anthrax, which is primarily a disease of herbivores and is endemic in agrarian societies in developing countries (Bacillus species)

Answer 5

Bacillus anthracis

Question 6

Binds to specific cell receptors (Bacillus anthracis toxins)

Answer 6

Protective antigen (PA)

Question 7

An adenylate cyclase; with PA, forms edema toxin, which causes cell and tissue edema (Bacillus anthracis toxins)

Answer 7

Edema factor (EF)

Question 8

With PA, forms lethal toxin, which is a major virulence factor and causes death in infected animals and humans (Bacillus anthracis toxins)

Answer 8

Lethal factor (LF)

Question 9

Anthrax that involves entry of spores through the skin; is characterized by edema, lymphangitis, lymphadenopathy, fever, malaise and headaches (Clinical findings of Bacillus anthracis)

Answer 9

Cutaneous anthrax

Question 10

Anthrax that involves entry of spores into the lungs; is characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis and edema of the mediastinum (Clinical findings of Bacillus anthracis)

Answer 10

Inhalational anthrax/Woolsorter’s disease

Question 11

Anthrax that involves entry of spores through the mucous membranes; is characterized by abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea (Clinical findings of Bacillus anthracis)

Answer 11

Gastrointestinal anthrax

Question 12

Anthrax that involves entry of spores through injections; is characterized by an extensive, painless, SC edema and an absence of the eschar of cutaneous anthrax (Clinical findings of Bacillus anthracis)

Answer 12

Injection anthrax

Question 13

Treatment/drug of choice for Bacillus anthracis

Answer 13

Ciprofloxacin

Question 14

Treatment of and prophylaxis against inhalational anthrax

Answer 14

Raxibacumab

Question 15

Causes food poisoning; has an emetic type (due to emetic toxin) and diarrheal type (due to enterotoxins) (Bacillus species)

Answer 15

Bacillus cereus

Question 16

Due to emetic toxin; associated with fried rice, milk, and pasta (Bacillus cereus food poisoning type)

Answer 16

Emetic type

Question 17

Due to enterotoxins; associated with meat dishes and sauces (Bacillus cereus food poisoning type)

Answer 17

Diarrheal type

Question 18

A large spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive, motile bacilli with swollen sporangium

Answer 18

Clostridium sp.

Question 19

Clostridium botulinum (Location of spores in Clostridium sp.)

Answer 19

Subterminal

Question 20

Clostridium tetani (Location of spores in Clostridium sp.)

Answer 20

Terminal

Question 21

Clostridium perfringens (Location of spores in Clostridium sp.)

Answer 21

Central/Subterminal

Question 22

Toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum that is absorbed from the gut, enters the blood circulation, and binds to the receptors of presynaptic membranes of motor neurons of the PNS and cranial nerves

Answer 22

Clostridium botulinum toxin

Question 23

Clinical use for Clostridium botulinum toxin

Answer 23

Botox

Question 24

Are proteins that allow the fusion of vesicles and plasma membrane

Answer 24

Snare proteins

Question 25

2 types of snare proteins

Answer 25

v-SNARE, t-SNARE

Question 26

Snare proteins found in the vesicles

Answer 26

v-SNARE

Question 27

Snare proteins found in the target plasma membrane

Answer 27

t-SNARE

Question 28

Characterized by flaccid paralysis, visual disturbances, inability to swallow, and speech difficulty (Clinical findings of Clostridium botulinum)

Answer 28

Botulism

Question 29

Characterized by poor feeding, weakness, and signs of paralysis in babies (Clinical findings of Clostridium botulinum)

Answer 29

Floppy baby syndrome

Question 30

Commonly found in soil, dust, and animal manure; involves the introduction of spores through wounds (Clostridium species)

Answer 30

Clostridium tetani

Question 31

Toxin produced by Clostridium tetani; has 2 peptides linked by disulfide bond

Answer 31

Tetanospasmin

Question 32

Characterized by spastic paralysis, trismus/lockjaw, risus sardonicus/sardonic smile, and opisthotonos/hyperarching of the back (Clinical findings of Clostridium tetani)

Answer 32

Tetanus

Question 33

Tetanus that occurs due to the cutting of the umbilical cord with contaminated instruments (Clinical findings of Clostridium tetani)

Answer 33

Neonatal tetanus

Question 34

3 toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens (ATE)

Answer 34

Alpha, Theta, Epsilon

Question 35

A lecithinase that aggregates platelets, causing thrombus formation and poor perfusion of tissues (Clostridium perfringens toxins)

Answer 35

Alpha toxin

Question 36

A hemolysin that produces target/double hemolysis on BAP (Clostridium perfringens toxins)

Answer 36

Theta toxin

Question 37

Causes edema, hemorrhage (Clostridium perfringens toxins)

Answer 37

Epsilon toxin

Question 38

3 enzymes produced by Clostridium perfringens (DHC)

Answer 38

DNAse, Hyaluronidase, Collagenase

Question 39

Characterized by crepitation in the SC tissue and muscle, foul-smelling discharge, rapidly progressing necrosis, fever, hemolysis, toxemia, shock, and death (Clinical findings of Clostridium perfringens)

Answer 39

Gas gangrene/Clostridial myonecrosis

Question 40

Part of the GI flora; causes pseudomembranous colitis (Clostridium species)

Answer 40

Clostridioides difficile

Question 41

Characterized by pseudomembranes or microabscesses in patients who have diarrhea and have been given antibiotics (Clinical findings of Clostridiodes difficile)

Answer 41

Pseudomembranous colitis

Question 42

Treatment/drug of choice for Clostridioides difficile

Answer 42

Vancomycin

Question 43

Type of v-SNARE that binds Ca2+ that triggers the interaction of v-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins, resulting in fusion and exocytosis

Answer 43

Synaptotagmin