MIDTERM 10 - Introduction to Viruses

Question 1

100 years ago, researchers couldn’t imagine submicroscopic particles, so they described the infectious agent as __________

Answer 1

Contagium vivum fluidum

Question 2

__________, an American chemist, isolated tobacco mosaic virus in 1935

Answer 2

Wendell Stanley

Question 3

Wendell Stanley, an American chemist, isolated __________ in 1935

Answer 3

Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 4

Wendell Stanley, an American chemist, isolated tobacco mosaic virus in __________

Answer 4

1935

Question 5

Are acellular obligate intracellular parasites that are 20 to 300 nm thick

Answer 5

Viruses

Question 6

2 components of the virus structure (NE)

Answer 6

Nucleocapsid, Envelope

Question 7

A protein-nucleic acid complex representing the packaged form of the viral genome (Components of the viral structure)

Answer 7

Nucleocapsid

Question 8

Contains the genetic material, either DNA or RNA (Components of nucleocapsid)

Answer 8

Nucleic acid core

Question 9

Coat that encloses the viral genome (Components of nucleocapsid)

Answer 9

Capsid/Protein coat

Question 10

Are protein subunits that comprise the capsid

Answer 10

Capsomeres

Question 11

A lipid-containing membrane that surrounds the nucleocapsid of some viruses (Components of the viral structure)

Answer 11

Envelope

Question 12

Other name for glycoprotein spikes found in the surface of the virus; used for attachment to target cell receptors

Answer 12

Peplomers

Question 13

3 types of virus symmetry (IHC)

Answer 13

Icosahedral/Cubic, Helical, Complex

Question 14

Has 20 faces and 12 vertices; usually appear spherical and can be observed in DNA and RNA viruses (Types of virus symmetry)

Answer 14

Icosahedral/Cubic

Question 15

Resemble long rods that may be rigid or flexible; can be observed in RNA viruses (Types of virus symmetry)

Answer 15

Helical

Question 16

Has a complicated structure (Types of virus symmetry)

Answer 16

Complex

Question 17

Refers to the complete, mature virus particle which contains the nucleocapsid and envelope

Answer 17

Virion

Question 18

Refers to the single stranded naked RNA that is only 300 to 400 nucleotides long and has no protein coat

Answer 18

Viroid

Question 19

Refers to a proteinaceous infectious particle that is highly resistant to inactivation by heat, formaldehyde, and UV light that inactivate viruses

Answer 19

Prion

Question 20

Refers to a single folded viral polypeptide chain

Answer 20

Subunit

Question 21

Based on virion morphology, genome structure, and strategies of replication (Viral taxonomy)

Answer 21

Family (ends in -viridae)

Question 22

Based on biological, genomic, physicochemical, or serologic differences (Viral taxonomy)

Answer 22

Genus (ends in -virus)

Question 23

Share the same genetic information and ecological niche; has descriptive common names (Viral taxonomy)

Answer 23

Species

Question 24

Family of medium-sized viruses that cause various respiratory infections in humans; some cause tumors in animals (Viruses with double-stranded DNA; nonenveloped)

Answer 24

Adenoviridae

Question 25

Family of small viruses that cause warts and cervical and anal cancer in humans (Viruses with double-stranded DNA; nonenveloped)

Answer 25

Papovaviridae

Question 26

Family of very large, complex, brick-shaped viruses that cause smallpox, molluscum contagiosum, and cowpox (Viruses with double-stranded DNA; enveloped)

Answer 26

Poxviridae

Question 27

Family of medium-sized viruses that cause various human diseases such as fever blisters, chickenpox, shingles and infectious mononucleosis; causes a type of human cancer called Burkitt's lymphoma (Viruses with double-stranded DNA; enveloped)

Answer 27

Herpesviridae

Question 28

Family of viruses that causes Fifth disease and anemia in immunocompromised patients (Viruses with single-stranded DNA; nonenveloped)

Answer 28

Parvoviridae

Question 29

Family of viruses that causes generally mild respiratory infections transmitted by arthropods; Colorado tick fever is the best-known (Viruses with double-stranded RNA; nonenveloped)

Answer 29

Reoviridae

Question 30

Family of viruses that includes the polio-, coxsackie-, and echoviruses, are the most common cause of colds (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ + strand; nonenveloped)

Answer 30

Picornaviridae

Question 31

Family of viruses that include causes of gastroenteritis and hepatitis E (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ + strand; nonenveloped)

Answer 31

Caliciviridae

Question 32

Family of viruses that include those viruses transmitted by arthropods, diseases include eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, and chikungunya (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ + strand; enveloped)

Answer 32

Togaviridae

Question 33

Family of viruses that can replicate in arthropods that transmit them; diseases include yellow fever, dengue, Zika, and West Nile encephalitis (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ + strand; enveloped)

Answer 33

Flaviviridae

Question 34

Family of viruses that are associated with upper respiratory tract infections and the common cold; includes the SARS virus and MERS-CoV (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ + strand; enveloped)

Answer 34

Coronaviridae

Question 35

Family of bullet-shaped viruses with a spiked enveloped; causes rabies and numerous animal diseases (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ - strand; has one strand of DNA and is enveloped)

Answer 35

Rhabdoviridae

Question 36

Family of enveloped, helical viruses; includes Ebola and Marburg (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ - strand; has one strand of DNA and is enveloped)

Answer 36

Filoviridae

Question 37

Family of viruses that cause parainfluenza, mumps, and Newcastle disease in chickens (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ - strand; has one strand of DNA and is enveloped)

Answer 37

Paramyxoviridae

Question 38

Family of viruses that depend on coinfection with hepadnavirus (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ - strand; has virusoid or satellite RNA)

Answer 38

Deltaviridae

Question 39

Family of viruses that have envelope spikes that can agglutinate red blood cells (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ - strand; has multiple strands of DNA and is enveloped)

Answer 39

Orthomyxoviridae

Question 40

Family of viruses that can cause hemorrhagic fevers such as Korean hemorrhagic fever and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; commonly associated with rodents (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ - strand; has multiple strands of DNA and is enveloped)

Answer 40

Bunyaviridae

Question 41

Family of viruses that has helical capsids that contain DNA-containing granules; causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, and Lassa fever (Viruses with single-stranded RNA w/ - strand; has multiple strands of DNA and is enveloped)

Answer 41

Arenaviridae

Question 42

Family of viruses that include all RNA tumor viruses; can cause leukemia and tumors in animals (Viruses with single-stranded RNA, produce DNA, and is enveloped)

Answer 42

Retroviridae

Question 43

Family of viruses that causes hepatitis B and liver tumors (Viruses with double-stranded DNA, use reverse transcriptase, and is enveloped)

Answer 43

Hepadnaviridae

Question 44

2 cycles involved in the viral multiplication of bacteriophages (LL)

Answer 44

Lytic cycle, Lysogenic cycle

Question 45

Cycle that ends with the lysis and death of the host cell (Cycles involved in the viral multiplication of bacteriophages)

Answer 45

Lytic cycle

Question 46

Cycle where the host cell remains alive (Cycles involved in the viral multiplication of bacteriophages)

Answer 46

Lysogenic cycle

Question 47

Phage attaches to the host cell (Stages of the lytic cycle)

Answer 47

Attachment

Question 48

Phage penetrates the host cell and injects its DNA (Stages of the lytic cycle)

Answer 48

Penetration

Question 49

Phage DNA directs synthesis of viral components by the host cell (Stages of the lytic cycle)

Answer 49

Biosynthesis

Question 50

Viral components are assembled into virions (Stages of the lytic cycle)

Answer 50

Maturation

Question 51

Host cell lyses, and new virions and released (Stages of the lytic cycle)

Answer 51

Release

Question 52

Are viruses that can be grown either in suspensions of bacteria in liquid media or in bacterial cultures on solid media

Answer 52

Bacteriophages

Question 53

Refers to cells grown in culture media in the laboratory

Answer 53

Cell line

Question 54

2 types of cell line (PC)

Answer 54

Primary, Continuous

Question 55

Cell line derived from tissue slices; dies out after only a few generations (Types of cell line)

Answer 55

Primary cell line

Question 56

Cell line derived from human embryos; lasts about 100 generations (Example of primary cell line)

Answer 56

Diploid cell lines

Question 57

Cell line that are transformed (cancerous); has an indefinite number of generations (immortal cell line) (Types of cell line)

Answer 57

Continuous cell line

Question 58

Cell line that is isolated from the cancer of Henrietta Lacks (Example of continuous cell line)

Answer 58

HeLa cell line

Question 59

Effects that involve the deterioration of cell monolayer caused by viruses

Answer 59

Cytopathic effects (CPE)

Question 60

Serological methods, such as __________, are the most commonly used means of viral identification

Answer 60

Western blotting

Question 61

Visible signs of viral infections are called __________

Answer 61

Cytopathic effects (CPE)

Question 62

Effects of viral infections that involve cell death

Answer 62

Cytocidal effects

Question 63

Effects of viral infections that involve cell damage but not death

Answer 63

Noncytocidal effects

Question 64

__________ are cytokines that are central to the antiviral innate immune response of the host

Answer 64

Interferons

Question 65

Refers to the process of virus mediated gene transfer

Answer 65

Transduction

Question 66

Means capable of giving rise to several different cell types

Answer 66

Pluripotent