PRELIM 03 - Microbial Genetics and Biotechnology

Question 1

Building blocks of DNA and RNA

Answer 1

Nucleotide

Question 2

The inherited genetic material inside each cell

Answer 2

DNA/Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 3

Relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids

Answer 3

RNA/Ribonucleic acid

Question 4

A segment of a DNA molecule that determines the traits and control protein synthesis

Answer 4

Gene

Question 5

Total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism

Answer 5

Genome

Question 6

The science of heredity

Answer 6

Genetics

Question 7

The sequencing and molecular characterization of genomes

Answer 7

Genomics

Question 8

DNA and chromosomes contain genes and noncoding regions called __________

Answer 8

Short tandem repeats (STRs)

Question 9

Refers to the genetic makeup

Answer 9

Genotype

Question 10

Refers to the manifestation of a genotype

Answer 10

Phenotype

Question 11

Process of synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template

Answer 11

Transcription

Question 12

Process of protein synthesis; decoding the language of nucleic acids and converting it into the language of proteins

Answer 12

Translation

Question 13

A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a particular protein

Answer 13

Codon

Question 14

Codons that code for amino acids

Answer 14

Sense codons

Question 15

Codons that do not code for amino acids

Answer 15

Nonsense codons

Question 16

Multiple codons encode for the same amino acid (Type of genetic code)

Answer 16

Degenerate

Question 17

A single amino acid is indicated for each codon (Type of genetic code)

Answer 17

Unambiguous

Question 18

Reading of the genetic code during translation does not involve overlap of codons (Type of genetic code)

Answer 18

Nonoverlapping

Question 19

There is no punctuation between codons and reading is continuous until a stop codon (Type of genetic code)

Answer 19

Not punctuated

Question 20

Used by all organisms with some exceptions (Type of genetic code)

Answer 20

Universal

Question 21

A permanent change in the base sequence of DNA

Answer 21

Mutation

Question 22

Type of mutation where a single nucleotide/base at point in the DNA sequence is replaced with a different nucleotide/base

Answer 22

Point mutation

Question 23

Type of mutation where one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA

Answer 23

Frameshift mutation

Question 24

Type of frameshift mutation that occurs when one or more nucleotides are lost from a DNA molecule

Answer 24

Deletion mutation

Question 25

Type of frameshift mutation that occurs when one or more nucleotides are added to a DNA molecule

Answer 25

Insertion mutation

Question 26

The exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome

Answer 26

Genetic recombination

Question 27

2 cells involved in genetic recombination

Answer 27

Donor cell, Recipient cell

Question 28

Self-replicating, gene-contaning, circular pieces of DNA about 1-5% the size of the bacterial chromosome

Answer 28

Plasmid

Question 29

Factor that carries genes for sex pili

Answer 29

F factor

Question 30

Factor involved in antibiotic resistance

Answer 30

Resistance (R) factor

Question 31

Are jumping genes; small segments of DNA that can be "transposed" from one region of a DNA molecule to another

Answer 31

Transposons

Question 32

3 types of genetic transfer in bacteria

Answer 32

Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction

Question 33

Genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as "naked" DNA in solution (Type of genetic transfer in bacteria)

Answer 33

Transformation

Question 34

Done through sex pili; requires cell to cell contact (Type of genetic transfer in bacteria)

Answer 34

Conjugation

Question 35

Bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a bacteriophage (Type of genetic transfer in bacteria)

Answer 35

Transduction

Question 36

A type of virus that infects bacteria

Answer 36

Bacteriophage/Phage

Question 37

3 flows of genetic information

Answer 37

Expression, Recombination, Replication

Question 38

Genetic information is used within the cell to produce the proteins needed for the cell to function (Flow of genetic information)

Answer 38

Expression

Question 39

Genetic information can be transferred horizontally between cells of the same generation (Flow of genetic information)

Answer 39

Recombination

Question 40

Genetic information can be transferred vertically to the next generation of cells (Flow of genetic information)

Answer 40

Replication

Question 41

Process where one "parental" double-stranded DNA molecule is converted into two identical offspring molecules

Answer 41

DNA replication

Question 42

2 ways to change genetic materials

Answer 42

Mutation, Recombination

Question 43

3 stop codons

Answer 43

UAA, UAG, UGA