MIDTERM 06 - Spirochetes

Question 1

Are a large, heterogenous group of long, slender, helically coiled, spiral, or corkscrew-shaped bacilli

Answer 1

Spirochetes

Question 2

Are flagella-like organelles in the periplasmic space encased by the outer membrane; present in spirochetes

Answer 2

Axial filaments/Endoflagella

Question 3

Spirochetes reproduce by __________

Answer 3

Transverse fission

Question 4

Are motile, rotating steadily around their endoflagella even attaching to cells by their tapered ends; viewed by darkfield microscopy (Examples of spirochetes)

Answer 4

Treponema pallidum

Question 5

Characterized by a primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stage (Clinical findings of Treponema pallidum)

Answer 5

Acquired syphilis

Question 6

Characterized by a hard chancre; always heals; occurs 2-10 weeks after infection (Stages of acquired syphilis)

Answer 6

Primary

Question 7

An ulcer with a clean, hard base; present in the primary stage of acquired syphilis

Answer 7

Hard chancre

Question 8

Characterized by a red maculopapular rash and condyloma lata; subsides spontaneously; occurs 2-10 weeks later (Stages of acquired syphilis)

Answer 8

Secondary

Question 9

Are moist, pale papules in the anogenital region, axillae, and mouth; present in the secondary stage of acquired syphilis

Answer 9

Condyloma lata

Question 10

Can occur up to 10 years (Stages of acquired syphilis)

Answer 10

Latent

Question 11

Characterized by gummas, neurosyphilis, aortic aneurysm, and aortic valve insufficiency (Stages of acquired syphilis)

Answer 11

Tertiary

Question 12

Are granulomatous lesions in the skin, bones, and liver; present in the tertiary stage of acquired syphilis

Answer 12

Gummas

Question 13

Characterized by degenerative changes in the central nervous system; present in the tertiary stage of acquire syphilis

Answer 13

Neurosyphilis

Question 14

Occurs as an intrauterine infection; can lead to miscarriage and stillbirth (Clinical findings of Treponema pallidum)

Answer 14

Congenital syphilis

Question 15

Characterized by a combination of these three symptoms: Hutchinson’s teeth, interstitial keratitis, and CN VII deafness; present in congenital syphilis

Answer 15

Hutchinson’s triad

Question 16

2 tests used for diagnosis of Treponema pallidum (NT)

Answer 16

Nontreponemal, Treponemal

Question 17

A screening test; measures antibodies to cardiolipin (released by damaged cells) (Tests for Treponema pallidum)

Answer 17

Nontreponemal tests

Question 18

2 examples of nontreponemal tests (RT)

Answer 18

RPR, TRUST

Question 19

Confirmatory test; measures antibodies against Treponema pallidum antigens (Tests for Treponema pallidum)

Answer 19

Treponemal tests

Question 20

2 examples of treponemal tests (TF)

Answer 20

TP-PA, FTA-ABS

Question 21

Treatment/Drug of choice for Treponema pallidum

Answer 21

Penicillin G

Question 22

Reaction in response to lipoproteins released by dying Treponema pallidum organisms; characterized by fever, chills, and myalgia

Answer 22

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

Question 23

Caused by T. pallidum ssp. endemicum; transmitted through shared utensils and is characterized by oral lesions, oral papules, and gummas of skin, bones, and nasopharynx (Clinical findings of Treponema pallidum)

Answer 23

Bejel/Endemic syphilis

Question 24

Caused by T. pallidum ssp. pertunuae; transmitted through direct contact and is characterized by ulcerating papules and destructive lesions (Clinical findings of Treponema pallidum)

Answer 24

Yaws

Question 25

Transmitted through human body louse; causes relapsing fever (Borrelia species)

Answer 25

Borrelia recurrentis

Question 26

Due to antigenic variation; characterized by sudden onset fever with chills and an abrupt rise of temperature (Clinical findings of Borrelia recurrentis)

Answer 26

Relapsing fever

Question 27

Transmitted through Ixodes tick; causes Lyme disease (Borrelia species)

Answer 27

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 28

Disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi; has 3 stages (Clinical findings of Borrelia burgdorferi)

Answer 28

Lyme disease

Question 29

Characterized by erythema migrans and flu-like symptoms (Stages of Lyme disease)

Answer 29

Stage 1

Question 30

Is a flat, reddened area which slowly expands with central clearing; present in the stage 1 of Lyme disease

Answer 30

Erythema migrans

Question 31

Characterized by arthralgia, arthritis, meningitis, facial nerve palsy, and cardiac disease (Stages of Lyme disease)

Answer 31

Stage 2

Question 32

Characterized by chronic skin, nervous system, or joint involvement (Stages of Lyme disease)

Answer 32

Stage 3

Question 33

Tightly coiled, thin, flexible motile spirochetes, with very fine spirals, one end is often bent, forming a hook; viewed by darkfield microscopy (Examples of spirochetes)

Answer 33

Leptospira interrogans

Question 34

Is biphasic and self-limiting; characterized by an acute/septicemic phase and immune phase (Clinical findings of Leptospirosis)

Answer 34

Anicteric leptospirosis

Question 35

Characterized by leptospiremia, flu-like, headache, cough, non-pruritic rash, fever, rigors, muscle pain, anorexia, and diarrhea (Phases of anicteric leptospirosis)

Answer 35

Acute/septicemic phase

Question 36

Characterized by leptospiruria, aseptic meningitis, and increased IgM (Phases of anicteric leptospirosis)

Answer 36

Immune phase

Question 37

Characterized by a triad of hemorrhage, jaundice, and acute kidney injury (Clinical findings of Leptospira interrogans)

Answer 37

Icteric leptospirosis/Weil syndrome

Question 38

3 treatments for Leptospira interrogans (DAA)

Answer 38

Doxycycline, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin

Question 39

Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted through __________

Answer 39

Ixodes tick

Question 40

Disease named after Lyme, Connecticut where cases first appeared in 1975 (Clinical findings of Borrelia burgdorferi)

Answer 40

Lyme disease

Question 41

Leptospirosis that has no presence of jaundice

Answer 41

Anicteric leptospirosis

Question 42

Leptospirosis that has presence of jaundice

Answer 42

Icteric leptospirosis/Weil syndrome

Question 43

Drug for leptospirosis that must not be taken by pregnant women; it leads to bone deformities

Answer 43

Doxycycline

Question 44

2 genus under the family Spirochaetaceae (TB)

Answer 44

Treponema, Borrelia

Question 45

Genus under the family Leptospiraceae

Answer 45

Leptospira

Question 46

2 clinical findings of Treponema pallidum (VN)

Answer 46

Venereal, Non-venereal

Question 47

2 antigenic structures of Treponema pallidum (HC)

Answer 47

Hyaluronidase, Cardiolipin

Question 48

Transmission vector for Borrelia recurrentis

Answer 48

Human body louse

Question 49

Transmission vector for Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 49

Ixodes tick