PRELIM 05 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Studies the cause of disease
A
Etiology
2
Q
The scientific study of disease
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Pathology
3
Q
The manner in which disease develops
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Pathogenesis
4
Q
Refers to the disease-causing microorganism
A
Pathogen
5
Q
Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
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Infection
6
Q
Any change from a state of health due to infection
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Disease
7
Q
Subjective changes not apparent to an observer
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Symptoms
8
Q
Objective changes the physician can observe and measure
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Signs
9
Q
A specific group of symptoms or signs that may always accompany a particular disease
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Syndrome
10
Q
Microorganisms that establish more or less permanent residence but that do not produce disease under normal conditions
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Normal microbiota
11
Q
Ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment
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Opportunistic pathogen
12
Q
Scientist that demonstrated that Bacillus anthracis was always present in the blood of animals that had the disease (anthrax) and not in healthy animals; he did the same for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A
Robert Koch
13
Q
Other name for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A
Koch’s bacillus
14
Q
Type of disease that spreads from one host to another
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Communicable disease
15
Q
Type of disease that is easily communicable
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Contagious disease
16
Q
Type of disease that does not spread from one host to another
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Noncommunicable disease
17
Q
Disease that is occasional and irregular occurence
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Sporadic
18
Q
Disease that is constantly present in a population
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Endemic
19
Q
Disease that is persistent and has high levels of occurence
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Hyperendemic
20
Q
An epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents
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Pandemic
20
Q
An increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected
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Epidemic
21
Q
Disease where the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease
A
Latent disease
22
Q
Disease that develops rapidly but lasts only a short time
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Acute disease
23
Q
Disease that is an intermediate between acute and chronic
A
Subacute disease
24
Disease that develops more slowly, may be less severe, but likely to continue or recur for long periods
Chronic disease
25
Infection where the invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small body area
Local infection
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Infection where the agents of local infection enter a blood/lymphatic vessel and spread to other body parts, where they are confined to specific areas
Focal infection
27
Infection where microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood/lymph
Systemic infection
28
Systemic infection from the multiplication of pathogens or spread of toxins in the blood
Septicemia/Blood poisoning
29
3 types of septicemia
Bacteremia, Toxemia, Viremia
30
Toxic inflammatory reaction to septicemia that can lead to tissue damage and death
Sepsis
31
Infection which is a result of the pathogen's presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and their intrinsic virulence
Primary infection
32
Infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen in a host with depressed resistance or if they have unusual access to the inside of the body
Secondary/Opportunistic infection
33
Infection where there is no noticeable illness
Subclinical infection
34
5 stages of development of disease
Incubation period, Prodromal period, Period of illness, Period of decline, Period of convalescence
35
Interval between initial infection and first appearance of any signs or symptoms (Stages of development of disease)
Incubation period
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Relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases (Stages of development of disease)
Prodromal period
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Most severe; overt signs and symptoms (Stages of development of disease)
Period of illness
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Signs and symptoms subside; vulnerable to secondary infections (Stages of development of disease)
Period of decline
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Body returns to pre-diseased state (Stages of development of disease)
Period of convalescence
40
Refers to continual sources of pathogen; provides pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication
Reservoirs of infection
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3 types of reservoirs of infection
Human, Animal, Nonliving
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Transmission through physical contact (Type of contact transmission)
Direct contact
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Transmission through an intermediate nonliving object, known as a fomite (Type of contact transmission)
Indirect contact
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Transmission through droplet nuclei that travel only short distances (Type of contact transmission)
Droplet transmission
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Transmission through spread by contaminated water (Type of vehicle transmission)
Waterborne transmission
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Transmission through contaminated food (Type of vehicle transmission)
Foodborne transmission
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Transmission through droplet nuclei that travel long distances (Type of vehicle transmission)
Airborne transmission
48
Transmission through passive transport (Type of vector transmission)
Mechanical transmission
49
Transmission where pathogen reproduces in the vector; part of life cycle in the vector (Type of vector transmission)
Biological transmission
50
Infections acquired while receiving treatment in healthcare settings
Healthcare-associated infections
51
Refers to hospital-acquired infections
Nosocomial infections
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Is the leading cause of HAIs
Clostridium difficile
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Host whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns
Compromised host
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Are precautions employed to reduce the transmission of microbes in health care and residential settings
Universal precautions
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Precautions that are basic, minimum practices designed to prevent transmission of pathogens from one person to another
Standard precautions
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Precautions that are procedures designed to supplement standard precautions in individuals with known or suspected infections that are highly transmissible
Transmission-based precautions
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Is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection
Handwashing
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Refers to diseases that are new or changing, and shows an increase in incidence in the recent past
Emerging infectious diseases
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The use of pathogens or toxins to produce death and disease in humans, animals, or plants as an act of violence and intimidation
Bioterrorism
60
The science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
Epidemiology
61
A British physician who is the father of modern epidemiology and conducted a series of investigations related to outbreaks of cholera in London
John Snow
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He recorded the number of births and maternal deaths at Vienna General Hospital from 1846 and 1848
Ignaz Semmelweis
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A nosocomial infection that begins in the uterus as a result of childbirth or abortion
Puerperal sepsis/Childbirth fever
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Puerperal sepsis is frequently caused by __________
Streptococcus pyogenes
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3 types of epidemiologic investigations
Descriptive epidemiology, Analytical epidemiology, Experimental epidemiology
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Collecting all data that describe the occurrence of the disease under study (Type of epidemiologic investigations)
Descriptive epidemiology
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Analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause (Type of epidemiologic investigations)
Analytical epidemiology
68
2 types of analytical epidemiology
Case control method (Retrospective), Cohort method (Prospective)
69
A group of people with the disease is compared to a group of people without the disease in terms of how many are exposed to the agent (Type of analytical epidemiology)
Case control method (Retrospective)
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A cohort group with exposure to the agent is compared to a cohort group without exposure to the agent in terms of how many develop the disease (Type of analytical epidemiology)
Cohort method (Prospective)
71
Begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease (Type of epidemiologic investigations)
Experimental epidemiology
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Testing on humans is called a __________
Clinical trial
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Clinical trials include a __________ and __________
Test group, Control group
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The number of causes of a specific disease
Morbidity
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The number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population
Morbidity rate
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The number of deaths from these diseases
Mortality
77
The number of deaths resulting from a disease in a population in a given period of time in relation to the total population
Mortality rate
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The number of people in a population who develop the disease during a particular time period
Incidence
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The number of people in a population who have the disease at a specified time, regardless of when it was first appeared
Prevalence
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Prevention of overgrowth of harmful microorganisms by normal microbiota
Microbial antagonism/Competitive exclusion
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3 types of symbiosis
Mutalism, Commensalism, Parasitism
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Vitamin produced by E. coli
Vitamin K
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Diseases that occur primarily in animals and can be transmitted to humans
Zoonoses/Zoonotic disease
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Promoted the practice of handwashing to prevent puerperal fever
Ignaz Semmelweis
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22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0-1 per year) (Occurrence of disease)
Epidemic
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Average annual incidence is 364 cases of pulmonary TB pero 100,000 population in one area, compared with the national average of 134 cases pero 100,000 population (Occurrence of disease)
Hyperendemic
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Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918-1919 (Occurrence of disease)
Pandemic
88
A single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community (Occurrence of disease)
Sporadic
89
About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per week, slightly less than the national average (Occurrence of disease)
Endemic
90
1 case of smallpox appeared (Occurrence of disease)
Epidemic
