PRELIM 06 - Bacterial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity

Question 1

The ability to cause disease by overcoming host defenses

Answer 1

Pathogenicity

Question 2

The degree of pathogenicity

Answer 2

Virulence

Question 3

3 portals of entry

Answer 3

Mucous membranes, Skin, Parenteral

Question 4

Epithelium lining the respiratory tract, GIT, GUT, and conjunctiva

Answer 4

Mucous membranes

Question 5

Skin that is impenetrable by most microorganisms

Answer 5

Unbroken skin

Question 6

Is a parasite that bores through intact skin

Answer 6

Hookworm

Question 7

It grows on keratin in skin or infect the skin itself

Answer 7

Fungi

Question 8

The number of pathogen cells or virions required to cause active infection in 50% of inoculated animals

Answer 8

ID50/Median infective dose

Question 9

The number of pathogenic cells or virions required to kill 50% of infected animals

Answer 9

LD50/Median lethal dose

Question 10

These bind surface receptors on the cells of certain host tissues

Answer 10

Adhesins/Ligands

Question 11

Glycocalyx (Adherence factors)

Answer 11

Streptococcus mutans

Question 12

Fimbriae (Adherence factors)

Answer 12

Actinomyces, Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 13

Fimbriae, pili (Adherence factors)

Answer 13

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

Question 14

Fimbriae, opacity associated proteins (Adherence factors)

Answer 14

Neisseriae gonorrhoeae

Question 15

Tapered end as hook (Adherence factors)

Answer 15

Treponema pallidum

Question 16

Produces adhesins that bind to laminin and fibronectin on skin cells (Adherence factors)

Answer 16

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 17

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin that coagulates the blood to protect bacteria from phagocytosis and defenses (Enzymes)

Answer 17

Coagulase

Question 18

Breaks down fibrin and digests clots (Enzymes)

Answer 18

Kinase

Question 19

A kinase produced by Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 19

Fibrinolysin/Streptokinase

Question 20

Hydrolizes hyaluronic acid, which holds together cells in connective tissues (Enzymes)

Answer 20

Hyaluronidase

Question 21

Breaks down collagen in connective tissues (Enzymes)

Answer 21

Collagenase

Question 22

Destroys IgA (Enzymes)

Answer 22

IgA protease

Question 23

Prevents phagocytic cells from adhering to the bacterium

Answer 23

Capsule

Question 24

A heat-resistant and acid-resistant protein produced by Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 24

M protein

Question 25

Waxy lipid that makes up the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 25

Mycolic acid

Question 26

An aggregate of interactive bacteria attached to a solid surface or to each other and encased in an exopolysaccharide matrix

Answer 26

Biofilms

Question 27

Process by which pathogens can alter surface antigens

Answer 27

Antigenic variation

Question 28

2 examples of bacteria that undergo antigenic variation

Answer 28

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Borrelia recurrentis

Question 29

Enables M. tuberculosis, L. monocytogenes, Brucella species, and Legionella species to live and grow in the hostile environment within PMN, macrophages, or monocytes

Answer 29

Intracellular pathogenicity

Question 30

These take the iron away from iron-transport proteins by binding the iron even more tightly

Answer 30

Siderophores

Question 31

Can induce host epithelial cells to engulf them similarly to phagocytosis

Answer 31

Direct damage

Question 32

Poisonous substances that are produced by certain microorganisms

Answer 32

Toxins

Question 33

Capacity to produce toxins

Answer 33

Toxigenicity

Question 34

Refers to the presence of toxins in the blood

Answer 34

Toxemia

Question 35

Caused by the presence of a toxin; not by microbial growth

Answer 35

Intoxication

Question 36

2 types of toxins

Answer 36

Endotoxins, Exotoxins

Question 37

Are toxins that are part of bacterial cells, not a metabolic product; released during bacterial multiplication

Answer 37

Endotoxins

Question 38

A sensitive test to identify the presence of endotoxin in drugs, medical devices, and body fluids

Answer 38

Bacterial endotoxin test

Question 39

Other name for bacterial endotoxin test

Answer 39

Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay

Question 40

The hemolymph of the horshoe crab, __________, contains white blood cells called amebocytes, which have large amounts of a protein that causes clotting

Answer 40

Limulus polyphemus

Question 41

Are toxins produced inside a bacterium as part of growth and metabolism; secreted into the outside medium or released following lysis

Answer 41

Exotoxins

Question 42

Diphtheria toxin is an example of __________

Answer 42

Exotoxin

Question 43

Antibodies that provide immunity to exotoxins

Answer 43

Antitoxins

Question 44

Exotoxins inactivated by heat or by formaldehyde, iodine, or other chemicals

Answer 44

Toxoids

Question 45

3 types of exotoxins

Answer 45

A-B toxins, Membrane-disrupting toxins, Superantigens

Question 46

Are toxins that include 2 polypeptides: A (enzyme component) and B (binding component)

Answer 46

A-B toxins

Question 47

A component in A-B toxins

Answer 47

Enzyme component

Question 48

B component in A-B toxins

Answer 48

Binding component

Question 49

Botulinum toxin is an example of an __________ toxin

Answer 49

A-B toxin

Question 50

Are toxins that cause lysis of host cells by disrupting their plasma membranes

Answer 50

Membrane-disrupting toxins

Question 51

Kill phagocytes by forming protein channels

Answer 51

Leukocidins

Question 52

Kill erythrocytes by forming protein channels

Answer 52

Hemolysins

Question 53

Are produced by streptococci

Answer 53

Streptolysins

Question 54

Are produced by Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 54

Membrane-attack complexes (MACs)

Question 55

Are antigens that provoke a very intense immune response

Answer 55

Superantigens

Question 56

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is an example of __________

Answer 56

Superantigen

Question 57

Are factors related to resistance to antibiotics

Answer 57

R factors

Question 58

Diseases that occur primarily in animals and can be transmitted to humans

Answer 58

Zoonoses

Question 59

Antibiotic used for Staphylococcus aureus infection

Answer 59

Cefazolin