Neurology questions

Question 1

what type of dementia is more common in men and typically causes focal damage and early dysphasia

Answer 1

vascular

Question 2

what is a neurofibroma

Answer 2

benign peripheral nervous system tumour

Question 3

what is a schwaanoma

Answer 3

a benign primary tumour of cranial nerve 8

Question 4

what is an astrocytoma

Answer 4

the commonest type of glioma and occurs on a spectrum with an increasing grade of malignancy

Question 5

what proportion of those who suffer a first episode of schizophrenia will go on to suffer other episodes

Answer 5

80%

Question 6

what are the features of lewy body dementia

Answer 6

paranoid delusions, hallucinations, and is often made worse by the use of neuroleptics 
changes in thinking and reasoning
confusion and variable alertness 
Parkinson's symptoms
hallucinations and delusions

Question 7

what structures are found within the parotid gland

Answer 7

branches of external carotid
facial nerve
retromandibular vein

Question 8

how is schizophrenia treated

Answer 8

first generation classical neuroleptics and second generation atypical neuroleptics

Question 9

what drug is used to treat schizophrenia and is a selective D2 receptor antagonist

Answer 9

amisulpride

Question 10

what artery arises at the lower border of digastric muscle, opposite the origin of the facial artery

Answer 10

occipital artery

Question 11

what artery can be divided into three parts in relation to the lateral pterygoid muscle

Answer 11

maxillary artery

Question 12

what artery turns upwards onto the face at the anterior border of the masseter

Answer 12

facial artery

Question 13

what muscle is assisted by the atlanto occipital joint when nodding

Answer 13

sternocleidomastoid

Question 14

what is the innervation of sternocleidomastoid

Answer 14

accessory nerve

Question 15

which muscle elevates the hyoid and the floor of the mouth

Answer 15

mylohyoid

Question 16

what are the features of mylohyoid

Answer 16

muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone forming the floor of the oral cavity
derived from the first pharyngeal arch
immediately superior to the anterior belly of digastric
innervated by inferior alveolar nerve

Question 17

what is the function of mylohyoid

Answer 17

elevates the hyoid and tongue
depresses the mandible
reinforces the floor of the mouth

Question 18

what is risperidone used to treat

Answer 18

psychosis and bipolar
atypical antipsychotic
blocks a mixture of receptor types

Question 19

name some acquired prion diseases

Answer 19

fatal familial insomnia
kuru
variant CJD

Question 20

which facial layer encloses the spinal accessory nerve within the posterior triangle

Answer 20

investing

Question 21

what receptors does ketamine act on

Answer 21

glutamate

Question 22

what is the function of sternothyroid

Answer 22

draws the larynx downwards

Question 23

what are the benefits of offering patients relaxation techniques before surgery

Answer 23

earlier discharge and less post operative pain medication

Question 24

what are the features of haloperidol

Answer 24

it is a butyrophenone
has a high incidence of extrapyramidal side effects
used to treat psychosis and similar conditions

Question 25

what is tardive dyskinesia

Answer 25

involuntary repetitive body movements slow onset most frequently caused by long term use of antipsychotics

Question 26

what is amisupride

Answer 26

atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia D2 and D3 receptor antagonist also used to treat depression

Question 27

what is aripiprazole

Answer 27

atypical antipsychotic | blocks both dopamine and 5HT receptors

Question 28

what is chlorpromazine

Answer 28

antipsychotic medication | D2, histamine, muscarinic and serotonin antagonist

Question 29

what is quetiapine

Answer 29

atypical antipsychotic dopamine receptor antagonist targets alpha adrenoreceptors

Question 30

what is sertindole

Answer 30

atypical antipsychotic activates dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain

Question 31

what is zotepine

Answer 31

atypical antipsychotic

Question 32

what are the features of a meningioma

Answer 32

``` primary neoplasm sporadic slow growing well demarcated occurs at arachnoid sites ```

Question 33

what is pethidine

Answer 33

synthetic opioid of choice during labour

Question 34

what is levallorphan

Answer 34

partial agonist on certain opioid receptors this means that it can be used to reverse the effects of some stronger opioids such as morphine whilst still providing pain relief

Question 35

what is diamophine

Answer 35

heroin

Question 36

what is methadone

Answer 36

used as a substitute for heroin in addiction | useful in neuropathic pain

Question 37

what ligament is most likely to be damaged in a whiplash injury

Answer 37

anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 38

what is the incidence of PTSD following rape

Answer 38

80%

Question 39

what nerve crosses an upwards bend on the lingual artery

Answer 39

cranial nerve 12

Question 40

what are the side effects of narcotic analgesics

Answer 40

sedation, resp depression, nausea, dependance

Question 41

what benzodiazepine may be prescribed in the management of acute alcohol withdrawl

Answer 41

chlordiazepoxide

Question 42

what muscle has its superior belly in the anterior triangle and its inferior belly in the posterior triangle

Answer 42

omohyoid

Question 43

what are the features of a medulloblastoma

Answer 43

primitive neuroectodermal tumour in children and presents with ataxia and respiratory problems

Question 44

what vein does the occipital vein drain into

Answer 44

internal jugular

Question 45

describe the ASA physical status classification system which assesses the fitness of patients before surgery

Answer 45

1. Healthy person. 2. Mild systemic disease. 3. Severe systemic disease. 4. Severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life. 5. A moribund person who is not expected to survive without the operation. 6. A declared brain-dead person whose organs are being removed for donor purposes.

Question 46

what is entacapone

Answer 46

may be administered with levodopa to prevent its conversion to 3-OMD by the COMT enzyme

Question 47

what is memantine

Answer 47

used to treat severe alzeimer's disease

Question 48

what is the moa of buspirone which is used to treat anxiety

Answer 48

5-HT1A receptor agonist

Question 49

which artery has a superior laryngeal branch which pierces the thyrohyoid membrane

Answer 49

superior thyroid artery

Question 50

what is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands

Answer 50

inferior thyroid artery

Question 51

what are the features of frontal dementia

Answer 51

social and behavioural impact including disinhibition, stereotyped behaviours and loss of emotional empathy

Question 52

what laxative would be appropriate for constipation in a terminally ill patient with a short prognosis

Answer 52

co-danthramer a stimulant laxative used for analgesic induced constipation only prescribed to terminally ill patients due to possible carcinogenesis

Question 53

what movement is limited by the alar ligaments

Answer 53

rotation

Question 54

what are the advantages of fentanyl over morphine

Answer 54

better in renal impairment and less constipating

Question 55

what neurotransmitter to classical antipsychotics affect the most

Answer 55

dopamine

Question 56

what is zolpidem

Answer 56

a short acting anxiolytic agent that acts on GABA A receptors and is not a benzodiazepine

Question 57

what is the nerve supply of the carotid sinus

Answer 57

glossopharyngeal

Question 58

what is the secretomotor innervation of the submandibular gland

Answer 58

facial

Question 59

what substances are released by free nerve endings and recruit silent receptors which expand the receptive field

Answer 59

bradykinin CGRP substance P

Question 60

what first line anticonvulsant would you use to treat absence seizures

Answer 60

ethosuximide

Question 61

what organism can be stained with india ink

Answer 61

Cryptococcus neoformans (common in people with suppressed immune systems)

Question 62

describe the features of Neisseria meningitis

Answer 62

onset of symptoms is faster with a more severe symptom profile

Question 63

what are the features of tuberculous meningitis

Answer 63

acid fast bacilli would be seen in the CSF