Flashcards in Practice questions Deck (45):
1
Why might surgery to the parotid gland cause a dry eye
damage to the facial nerve which runs through it
this would paralyse obicularis oculi leading to a drooping eyelid and dry eye
2
what is the nerve supply to the parotid
9- glossopharyngeal
3
what is Ramsey hunt sydrome
shingles infection that goes on to infect cn 7
this can lead to paralysis of the facila muscles e.g. obicularis oculi
4
what can cause glaucoma
blockage of scleral venous drainage
5
what is hutchitongs sign
vesicles on the tip of the nose which may precede opthalmic herpes zoster
shingles infection spreading to the eye, can spread to the optic nerve
6
what are the signs of huntingtons
flailing movement, confusion, disdiodochokinesia
7
what is the cause of huntingtons
damage to the caudate nucleus leading to loss of GABA and encephalin
this means the indirect pathway is decreased and movement in increased
8
what substances mediate the medial globus pallidus
GABA and substance P
9
what is the result of lesions to the spinocerebellar part of the cerebellum
linb ataxia and action tremour
10
what would be the effect of vermis lesions
bilateral loss of control of truncal muscles and slurred speech
11
what are the signs of stroke on an enhanced CT
abnormal cortical subcortical area, appears darker than usual due to oedema
hyperdense areas
inability to visualise the lentiform nucleus
12
what is the result of PHF8 mutation
siderius x linked retardation and cleft palate
13
what mutations may cause cleft lips
22q11, IRF8, PHF8
14
what is the gene for wardenburgs syndrome (deafness, constipation, pigment defects)
PAX-C
15
TCOF-1 gene (failure of the first and second arch to develop, abnormal eye shape and underdeveloped zygoma)
treacher collins
16
what is bullous keratopathy
small vesicles are formed in the cornea due to endothelial dysfunction
17
what vision would be the result of an optic tract lesion
bitemporal hemianopia
18
what test can be used to test the function of the superior oblique muscles innervated by the trochlear nerve
look downward and inwards
19
what causes homonymous hemianopia
optic tract damage
20
what would be the result of and abducent nerve lesion
patient could not look lateral
21
what would the result of an occulomotor nerve lesion
pateint could not look up and out , down and out , medail or up and inward
22
what nerve innervates stapedius muscles which dampens the movement of stapes bone
facial, 7
if damaged can lead to excessive movement of stapes on loud noises leading to pain
23
what pharyngeal arch makes the facial nerve and stapes
2nd
24
what does the first pharyngeal arch make
trigeminal nerve and muscles of mastication
25
what arch makes stylopharyngeus muscles
3rd pharyngeal
26
which meatus does the facial nerve pass through
external auditory meatus
27
what muscle is used to move the eye outwards and laterally
right inferior rectus
28
what is amaurosis fugax
temporary blindness caused by the blockage of the retinal artery by a thrombus
29
pituritary tumour on the optic chiasm
bilateral hemianopia
30
half of the visual field loss in the contralateral eye
POCS stroke
31
meyers loop lesion
contralateral superior quandrantiopia
32
phenobarbitone
antiepileptic which also causes osteoporosis
33
what does a lesion to the cerebrocerebellar part of the cerebellum lead to
delay in initiating movements and performing complex movements
34
medial vestibulospinal
head position
35
spinocerebellar lesion
limb ataxia and action tremour
36
what canal is just next to the foramen magnum
hypoglossal canal
37
foramen caecum
emisary vein from the nose to the superior sagittal sinus
38
what is the clinical significance of the foramen caecum
infections of the nose and nearby areas can be transmitted to the meninges and brain from the danger triangle of the face
39
foramen rotundum (sphenoid bone)
maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve passes through and extis the skull via the pterygopalatine fossa and foramen rotundum
40
foramen ovale
transmits the mandibular nerve, trigeminal motor root, accessory meningeal artery
41
foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery, vein and meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
42
what stroke is isolated dysphasia
PACS partial anterior circulation stroke
43
when would you give intra arterial thrombolysis instead of IV
from 3-6 hours after the stroke
44
what is TACS (total arterial circulation stroke) symptoms
hemiparesis, dysphasia and homonymous hemianopia
45