Neurons, Glia, Brain Tissue

Question 1

White matter contains mostly _____.

Answer 1

myelinated axons

Question 2

Myelin consists of?

Answer 2

fat/lipid bilayers

Question 3

Gray matter is collections of ___, ____, and _____.

Answer 3

cell bodies, dendrites, synapses

Question 4

Cell bodies all live in the _____.

Answer 4

gray matter

Question 5

What is a ganglion?

Answer 5

a collection of neural cell bodies outside of the CNS

Question 6

This is a collection of neural cell bodies outside of the CNS.

Answer 6

a ganglion

Question 7

What is a primary afferent neuron?

Answer 7

the first neuron that receives info from the outside world and relays it toward the CNS

Question 8

This is the first neuron that receives info from the outside world and relays it toward the CNS.

Answer 8

a primary afferent neuron

Question 9

What is a primary efferent neuron?

Answer 9

the first neuron that directs info from the CNS to the effector cell

Question 10

This is the first neuron that directs info from the CNS to the effector cell.

Answer 10

a primary efferent neuron

Question 11

What are glial cells?

Answer 11

the supportive cells

Question 12

Neurons contain many mitochondria and distinctive collections of rough ER called _____.

Answer 12

Nissl substance (Nissl bodies)

Question 13

Neurons contain many mitochondria and distinctive collections of ____ called Nissl substance (Nissl bodies)

Answer 13

rough ER

Question 14

Can the CNS axons regenerate?

Answer 14

yes, but the astrocytes prevent regeneration

Question 15

Name 6 functions of glia.

Answer 15

potassium buffering
recycling of neurotransmitters
nutrient support
myelination
BBB
supply of growth and trophic factors

Question 16

Name the cell that possesses these functions?
potassium buffering
recycling of neurotransmitters
nutrient support
myelination
BBB
supply of growth and trophic factors

Answer 16

glial cell

Question 17

Conduction in a neuron (pathway) is?

Answer 17

dendrite–> cell body (soma)–> axon

Question 18

In general, axons of this diameter are myelinated.

Answer 18

> 1 micrometer

Question 19

In general, axons >1 micrometer diameter are ______.

Answer 19

myelinated

Question 20

What is a synapse?

Answer 20

where the end of an axon contacts the dendrite of the next cell

Question 21

This is where the end of an axon contacts the dendrite of the next cell.

Answer 21

a synapse

Question 22

Most synapses are ____ in nature.

Answer 22

chemical

Question 23

Where are NTs packaged?

Answer 23

in vesicles in the presynaptic terminal

Question 24

When an AP reaches the terminal, _____ influx permits fusion of the vesicles within the plasma membrane, thereby dumping NT.

Answer 24

Ca++

Question 25

Name 2 general classes of NT receptors.

Answer 25

ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 26

What is an ionotropic receptor?

Answer 26

a receptor that allows the flow of ions to depolarize or hyperpolarize a cell

Question 27

This is a receptor that allows the flow of ions to depolarize or hyperpolarize a cell.

Answer 27

ionotropic receptor

Question 28

What is a metabotropic receptor?

Answer 28

receptors that activate 2nd messenger systems w/I the neuron

Question 29

This is a receptor that activates 2nd messenger systems w/I the neuron.

Answer 29

metabotropic receptors

Question 30

Name 3 types of glial cells within the CNS.

Answer 30

microglia oligodendrocytes astrocytes

Question 31

What is the major type of glial cell in the PNS?

Answer 31

Schwann cells

Question 32

What are microglia?

Answer 32

tiny, phagocytic glial cells in the CNS arise outside the neural tube key role in chronic pain syndrome

Question 33

Name 2 types of glia that form myelin.

Answer 33

oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Question 34

What is an oligodendrocyte?

Answer 34

cells that form the myelin in the CNS; can myelinate several axons

Question 35

Name the cell: tiny, phagocytic glial cells in the CNS arise outside the neural tube key role in chronic pain syndrome

Answer 35

microglia

Question 36

These cells form the myelin in the CNS; can myelinate several axons

Answer 36

an oligodendrocyte

Question 37

What is a Schwann cell?

Answer 37

cells that form the myelin in the PNS; can myelinate only one axon

Question 38

These cells form the myelin in the PNS; can myelinate only one axon.

Answer 38

Schwann cells

Question 39

What is an astrocyte?

Answer 39

``` large, star-shaped glia maintain ionic equilibrium remove extra K+ clear and recycle NTs convert glutamate to glutamine envelop all CNS blood vessels and regulate blood flow ```

Question 40

``` Name the cell: large, star-shaped glia maintain ionic equilibrium remove extra K+ clear and recycle NTs convert glutamate to glutamine envelop all CNS blood vessels and regulate blood flow ```

Answer 40

an astrocyte

Question 41

Minor damage to peripheral nerves is usually repaired by _____, which is facilitated by _____.

Answer 41

regeneration of the damaged axons; Schwann cells

Question 42

What happens when the CNS is damaged?

Answer 42

oligodendroglia don't clear the debris; a glial scar is formed to prevent axonal regeneration

Question 43

How are proteins transported from the nucleus to the axon terminal and back?

Answer 43

by axoplasmic flow

Question 44

What is axoplasmic flow?

Answer 44

the active transport of proteins from the nucleus to the axon terminal and back

Question 45

What does the nucleolus do?

Answer 45

it makes the ribosomes

Question 46

Neurons make a larger diversity of _____ and a larger amount of them.

Answer 46

proteins

Question 47

What are breaks in the myelin sheath called?

Answer 47

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 48

What is a Node of Ranvier?

Answer 48

a break in the myelin sheath

Question 49

Myelin increases conduction velocity by a factor of ___.

Answer 49

10

Question 50

A local increase in neuronal activity results in a substantial increase in _____.

Answer 50

local blood flow

Question 51

What is an increase in neuronal activity, thereby increasing blood flow, called?

Answer 51

functional hyperemia

Question 52

How is blood flow increase with increased neuronal activity?

Answer 52

they release NO and nearby astrocytes convert glutamate to EET to dilate the BVs