What led to the origin of omega fish oils?
Eskimos getting sick
What is the polar bear liver disease?
Inability to process Vitamin A
What is hyperkalaemia?
Higher than normal levels of potassium in the blood
Why is raw soybean meal a lesser source of essential proteins than cooked or heat processed soybean meal?
Soybeans contain trypsin inhibitors that, unless denatured by heat, reduce that digestibility of the soy protein.
While vitamin A is sometimes measured in International Units, what unit is used by the RDA?
Retinol equivalent
Which vitamins can also be used as antioxidants?
C and E
Which vitamin is prevented from being absorbed by raw egg whites?
Biotin
Which section of the gastrointestinal tract is the major area of absorption of nutrients?
The small intestine
Which of the following four amino acids is not essential in the human diet? Phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine, methionine
Tyrosine (b)
Which of the following foods should a sulfite-sensitive individual avoid? Wine, frozen hash brown potatoes, fruit cocktail with maraschino cherries, sauerkraut?
Avoid all
Which lipoprotein transports triacylglycerides and cholesterol from the intestine to other parts of the body?
Chylomicrons
Which lipoprotein transports lipids from the liver to other parts of the body?
VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)
Which has the least number of calories: raw potatoes or potatoes boiled in their skin?
Raw potatoes
Where is 25 hydroxychole-calciferol hydroxylated to produce the active form of vitamin D (1, 2, 5 dihydroxy-cholecalciferol)
Kidney
Where are starch granules produced?
In plastids (specifically amyloplasts)
What’s the active form of niacin in the body?
Nicotinamide
What vitamins areimportant in plasma membrane integrity?
Vitamins A and E
What vitamins and minerals must be added to enriched flour?
Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Iron, Folate
What vitamin was once known as vitamin H?
Biotin
What vitamin is produced from cholesterol in the body?
Vitamin D
What vitamin is a necessary cofactor for transamination reactions?
Pyridoxine (B6)
What vitamin enhances the absorption of iron in the body?
Vitamin C
What type of wheat is used to make pasta?
Durum
What type of cholesterol is known as good cholesterol?
HDL
What term is generally defines as lignin plus plant polysaccharides that cannot be digested by human enzymes?
Dietary fiber
What substance did Canadians Charles Best and Fredrick Banting discover in 1922?
Insulin
What part of the GI absorbs nutrients?
Small Intestine
What part of the body is the primary storage area for glycogen?
The liver
What organ stores bile for release?
Gall bladder
What Nobel Prize-winning chemist claimed that megadoses of ascorbic acid could prevent or cure the common cold, flu, and cancer?
Linus Pauling
What mineral has been shown to have a protective effect against osteoporosis?
Calcium
What mineral deficiency causes goiter?
Iodine
What is the vitamin most associated with antioxidant activity in PUFAs?
Vitamin E
What is the term for starvation due to lack of food?
Maramus
What is the retinol equivalent and the amount(s) of compound equivalent to 1 R.E.?
Expression of Vitamin A activity; 1 R.E. = 1?g retinol = 6?g ?-carotene = 12?g other Vitamin A active compounds
What is the proteolytic enzyme in gastric juice?
Pepsin
What is the primary food fiber responsible for dietary roughage?
Cellulose
What is the only truly essential fatty acid?
Linoleic acid
What is the normal amylose content in cereal grains?
20 - 30%
What is the non-nutrient in fruits and vegetables?
Fiber
What is the name of a Vitamin B2 deficiency?
Ariboflavinosis
What is the major mineral in the human body?
Calcium
What is the major cause of death in the US?
Coronary heart disease
What is the hormone released by cows that allows milk to be released?
Oxytocin
What is the function of glucagon?
Release glucose from storage to raise blood sugar levels
What is the essential amino acid lacking in wheat?
Lysine
What is the difference in Kcal between high fructose corn syrup and sucrose?
None; they are the same
What is the difference between fortification and enrichment?
Fortification - adding back what was lost, enrichment - adding more than was originally present
What is the common term for phylloquinone and what is its function in the human body?
Vitamin K - important in blood clotting
What is the cause of scurvy?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency
What is diastatic activity?
The combined acitivity of alpha and beta amylase in converting starch to fermentable sugar.
What is another name for Vitamin B7?
Vitamin H or Biotin
What is another name for Vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine and Pyridoxamine
What is another name for Vitamin B5?
Pantothenic acid
What is another name for Vitamin B3?
Niacin
What is another name for Vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
What is another name for Vitamin B1?
Thiamine
What is added to self-rising flour?
Sodium bicarbonate and one or more of the acid reacting substances: monocalcium phosphate, sodium acid phosphate, sodium aluminum phosphate.
What is a probiotic food?
A food that enhances health by means other than the presence of conventional nutrients.
What is a P.E.R.?
Protein Efficiency Ratio (wt gain/gm N consumed)
What is a calorie and how many are there in fat, protein, carbohydrate, and ethanol?
Energy to raise 1g of water 1 degree C/ - 9, 4, 4, 7
What is 1,2,5 dihydroxycholecalciferol?
The hormonally active form of vitamin D
What fraction of man’s dietary Vitamin C intake is obtained from fruits and vegetables?
90%
What does a Farinograph measure?
Gluten strength
What causes pernicious anemia?
Lack of vitamin B-12 absorption (leading to a red blood cell deficiency or anemia)
What body organ secretes the major fat digesting enzymes?
The pancreas
What are three positive effects of thermal processing on the nutritive value of foods?
Destruction of degrative enzymes, destruction of anti nutrients, increased bioavailability of nutrients
What are the two groups of storage proteins in cereals?
Prolamins, glutelins
What are the deficiency and toxicity symptoms of Vitamin D?
Deficiency: Rickets, abdominal protrusion; Toxicity: soft tissue calcification, renal damage
What are the coenzyme forms of niacin?
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
What are 3 functions of phosphorous in the human body?
Bone deposition, membrane components (phospholipids), ATP (energy!)
What are 2 sources of cholesterol in the body?
Diet and endogenous synthesis
What are 2 examples of natural antioxidants?
Vitamin C, Vitamin E, beta-carotene
What amino acid is found in the highest concentration in serum?
Glutamine
What 2 grains make up Crispix cereal?
Rice and corn
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency causes what disease?
Pellagra
Vitamin B1 or Thiamine deficiency causes what disease?
Beriberi
Tryptophan when present in an amino acid, can replace the vitamin requirements for which vitamin?
Niacin
The storage form of glucose in the body is: a. insulin; b. galactose; c. maltose; d. glycogen
d. glycogen
The RDA for vitamin B12 for infants is based on the average concentration of that vitamin in what food?
Human milk (breast milk)
The levels of intake of essential nutrient considered adequate for meeting the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons is called?
RDA
The body can make niacin from: a. tyrosine; b. riboflavin; c. serotonin; d. tryptophan
d. Tryptophan
The adult human required 8 essential amino acids in the diet. What additional amino acid does the human infant require?
Histidine
Prostaglandins are chemical regulators of a number of body functions. What are they derived from?
Fatty acids
Pernicious anemia, memory loss and other cognitive declines may be caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Pernicious anemia is the Vitamin deficiency disease and results from a lack of what?
B12, intrinsic factor
People with what metabolic disorder are well advised to avoid products containing Nutrasweet?
Phenylketonuria or PKU
Pellagra is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?
Niacin
On a worldwide basis deficiency of what vitamin is believed to be the most common form of vitamin underÂnutrition?
Folic Acid
Niacin deficiency causes pellegra, a condition known as the disease of the 4 Ds. What do the 4 D’s represent?
Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
Name two types of insoluble fiber, and a dietary source for each:
Cellulose— grains; Lignin—vegetable
Name the vitamin which will prevent night blindness
Vitamin A
Name the sulfur containing essential amino acid
Methionine
Name the 4 fat soluble vitamins and their deficiencies if applicable.
Vit A - night blindness Vit D - rickets Vit E - fat malabsorption Vit K - clotting problems
Name several methods of assessing protein quality
P.E.R., Net Protein Utilization, Net Protein Ratio, Relative Protein Value, PDCAAS
Name a commonly occurring antioxidant in poultry.
Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
Name 8 essential amino acids
Val, Leu, Ile, Met, Thr, Phe, Tyr, Lys
Milk is considered to be an ideal food for human health being rich in vitamins and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus however milk lacks one very important mineral. Which one?
Iron
Marasmus is a type of PEM disease? What does PEM stand for?
Protein Energy Malnutrition
List two possible physical consequences of Pellagra?
Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death, or swollen tongue
Levels of what amino acid are believed to be related to heart disease?
Homocysteine
Korsakoff’s syndrome, an irreversible psychosis characterized by amnesia and confabulation or false memories is caused by deficiency of what B vitamin?
Thiamine or Vitamin B1
Ketosis, the buildup of ketones in the blood, can be caused by the insufficiency of what?
Carbohydrates
In a cytoplasmic body are the respiratory enzymes of the TCA cycle located?
Mitochondria
If you are allergic to wheat, wheat products, rye and in some cases, oats and barley, you may be allergic to the major protein gliadin, a major component of wheat. This condition may be associated with the destruction of the lining of the small intestine. What is the name of the condition?
Celiac sprue or celiac disease
Hyperkeratinization, xerosis, Bitot’s spots, keratomalacia and hyperkeratosis are symptoms of what vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin A
How many different amino acids exist, and how many are designated as essential?
20 and 8
How many calories does aspartame have per gram?
4
How many calories are in one gram of ethanol?
7
How is glucose stored in the body?
Glycogen
Give the names of the fat soluble vitamins produced by bacteria in the large intestine.
Vitamin K, phylloquinone, napthoquinone
Give the names of the essential fatty acids
Linoleic, linolenic
Give five natural sources of Vitamin B
potatoes, bananas, lentils, chili peppers, tempeh, liver, turkey, and tuna, brewer’s yeast, beer
For the following “healthy claim” terms, “Extra Lean” and “Low fat”, which refers to the lower amount of fat grams contained in a product?
Low Fat (3 grams), {extra lean = 4.5 grams}
For an individual to lose two pounds of body weight, about how many calories will have to be expended?
7000 calories (3500 per pounds)
Folic Acid has also been called what?
Vitamin B9, Vitamin M, Vitamin B-c
Degradation of this vitamin is responsible for oxidized defect in milk. What vitamin is this?
Riboflavin
Deficiency of what vitamin is associated with neural tube defects?
Folate
Deficiency of what B vitamin results in microcrytic anemia?
B6 (pyroxidine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine)
Deficiencies of which two water soluble vitamins results in microcytic anemia?
Folate and Vitamin C
Ariboflavinosis characterized by symptoms such as cracks in the lips, high sensitivity to sunlight, and inflammation of the tongue is caused by deficience of what vitamin?
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Anemia, depression, dermatitis, high blood pressure (hypertension), water retention, and elevated levels of homocysteine may be due to a deficiency of what vitamin?
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
A substance which is needed by the body but is not produced by the body is called what?
An essential nutrient
A psychosis characterized by amnesia or false memories and is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B1 or thiamine is called what?
Korsakoff’s syndrome
A low glucose level in the blood is known as what?
Hypoglycemia
A high intake of can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency?
Folate
A deficiency of this vitamin in pregnant women can lead to birth defects.
Folic acid
A deficiency of thiamin interferes with the metabolism of what compound?
Pyruvate
A deficiency in vitamin D results in the childhood disease called what?
Rickets
A characteristic of an emetic form is that it causes nausea but not what?
Diarrhea
1000 to 10,000 angstrom droplets of triacyglyceride stabilized by a membrane and transported by the blood to various organs of the body are called what?
Chylomicrons
What are the six categories of macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins, Mineral, Water
Name the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
A fictitious food contains 1 gram each of lard, tallow, starch, dextrose, glycine, and ethanol. How many calories are in this food?
9+9+4+4+4+7=37
What enzyme in saliva breaks down fats?
Lingual lipase
What is the name of the current nutrition guide published by the USDA?
MyPlate
In the MyPlate nutrition guide how many groups are there?
5
What are the groups for MyPlate?
Fruits, Grains, Vegetables, Protein, Dairy
What are the colors of the groups for MyPlate?
Fruits – red Grains – orange Vegetables – green Proteins – purple Dairy – blue
What vitamins does alcohol deplete in the human body?
B-complex vitamins
Foods that contain biologically-active components that are related to health promotion or disease prevention are called what?
Functional foods
