Pathoma: Chronic Inflammation Flashcards
Histologically, plasma cells are characterized by a nucleus that is ________.
pushed off to the side
The most common stimulus for chronic inflammation is _________.
persistent infection
Other than MHC II binding to CD4, what signal is needed to activate helper T cells?
B7 (on APC) binding to CD28
______ is a T cell growth factor.
IL-2
Which kind of helper T cell activates B cells?
Th2 (it prompts the transition to plasma cells)
What IL cytokine stimulates the transition to IgG and IgE?
IL-4
What two cells secrete IL-10?
Macrophages and Th2
CD8+ cells require two signals for activation: _____________.
IL-2 and MHC I with foreign antigen
What two enzymes do CTLs secrete to induce apoptosis?
Perforins and granzymes
Naïve B cells express _______.
sIgM and sIgD
By what two methods can B cells be activated?
T-cell independent pathway (binding antigen and immediately secreting IgM) and T-cell dependent pathway (binding antigen, expressing that antigen in MHC II, and binding a CD4 T cell which can bind to the CD40 molecule on B cells through CD40L)
What is the key characteristic of granulomas–the defining cell type?
epitheliod histiocytes
What can cause non-caseating granulomas?
Reaction to foreign material (such as breast implants), beryllium exposure, Crohn’s, sarcoidosis, and cat-scratch disease
What can cause caseating granulomas?
TB and fungal infections
What prompts Th1 development?
IL-12 (from macrophages)
