Pelvic Cavity and Perineum

Question 1

boarders of pelvic inlet

Answer 1

sacral promentory
ala of sacrum
arcuate line
pectin pubis
pubic crest

Question 2

boarders of pelvic outlet

Answer 2

pubic arch
ischial tuberosities
sacrotuberous ligament
coccyx

Question 3

describe features of female pelvis

Answer 3

broader
shorter
wide pubic angle
wide sacrum
built for partuition

Question 4

describe feature of male pelvis

Answer 4

narrow
tall
narrow pubic angle
narrow sacrum
built for strength and movement

Question 5

8 ligaments for pelvic stability

Answer 5

sacrospinous
sacrotuberous
ventral sacroiliac
dorsal sacroiliac
iliolumbar
superior pubic
arcuate pubic
anteiror longitudinal

Question 6

what induces loosening of pelvic ligaments for childbirth

Answer 6

relaxin

Question 7

muscles of the levator ani

Answer 7

puborectalis
pubococcygeus
iliococcygeus

Question 8

pelvic floor muscles

Answer 8

puborectalis
pubococcygeus
iliococcygeus
coccygeus

Question 9

what is the purpose of the puborectalis muscle

Answer 9

supports the rectum

relaxation facilitates defecation by reducing the angle of the rectum

Question 10

muscles of pelvic wall

Answer 10

lateral- obturator internus

posterior- piriformis

Question 11

branches of the posterior division of internal iliac artery

Answer 11

iliolumbar
lateral sacral
superior gluteal

Question 12

branches of the anterior division of internal iliac artery

Answer 12

umbilical (superior vesicle)
obturator
inferior vesicle/vaginal (artery to ductus deferens)
uterine
middle rectal
internal pudenal
inferior gluteal

Question 13

path of iliolumbar

Answer 13

exits pelvic area
branches into:
lumbar- goes up side of lumbar spine
deep circumflex iliac artery- goes around iliac spine

Question 14

branches of umbilical

Answer 14

superior vesical

superior part is obliterated and forms the medial umbilical ligament

Question 15

what is the female equivalent of the inferior vesicle artery

Answer 15

vaginal artery

Question 16

where does the superior rectal artery come from and what does it supply

Answer 16

from the inferior mesenteric

supplies rectum and anal canal to pectinate line

Question 17

where does the ovarian/testicular artery come from and what does it supply

Answer 17

branch off abdominal aorta

supplies the ovary, uterine tube, and upper uterus (or testis)

Question 18

what organs are in the pelvic cavity

Answer 18

bladder
rectum
reproductive organs

Question 19

what is the trigone

Answer 19

smooth triangular area around where the ureters come in on the bladder wall

Question 20

what is the embryological origin of the muscular wall of the bladder

Answer 20

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 21

what is the embryological origin of the trigone

Answer 21

intermediate mesoderm

Question 22

what is the detrusor muscle and how does it work

Answer 22

muscle of bladder wall

passively expands during filling and actively contracts via parasympathetic innervation during voiding

Question 23

relationship between internal bladder sphincter and detrusor muscle

Answer 23

contraction of the detrusor muscle triggers relaxation of the internal sphincter

Question 24

what triggers detrusor muscle contraction

Answer 24

stretch reflex as bladder fills

Question 25

blood supply of urinary bladder

Answer 25

superior and inferior vesical arteries

Question 26

lymphatic drainage of bladder

Answer 26

internal iliac nodes

Question 27

innervation of bladder

Answer 27

detrusor- parasympathetic | trigone + neck- sympathetic

Question 28

what are the boarders of the ishiorectal fossa

Answer 28

medial/superior- levator ani lateral- obturator internus with pudenal canal inferior- skin and superficial fascia filled with fat

Question 29

blood supply of rectum

Answer 29

``` superior rectal (IMA branch)- rectal mucosa and superior rectal wall middle rectal (internal iliac branch)- middle muscular rectal wall inferior rectal (branch of internal pudenal)- distal rectum ```

Question 30

rectum innervation

Answer 30

lumbar and sacral splanchnics (sympathetic) | parasympathetic referred pain

Question 31

where is the pectinate line

Answer 31

divides the anal canal above- endoderm: anal sinuses, anal columns, valves lower- ectoderm: transition between smooth and hairy skin

Question 32

what is significance of anal columns

Answer 32

superior rectal veins terminate here | site of internal hemorrhoids

Question 33

blood supply of anal canal

Answer 33

above pectinate line- superior rectal artery | below pectinate line- middle + inferior rectal artery

Question 34

lymphatic drainage of anal canal

Answer 34

above pectinate line- internal iliac, superior rectal, inferior mesenteric below pectinate line- superficial inguinal nodes

Question 35

innervation of anal canal

Answer 35

above pectinate line- parasympathetic, pelvic splanchnic, no pain below pectinate line- pudenal nerve, pain

Question 36

boundaries of perineum

Answer 36

anterior- pubic symphysis lateral- ischial tuberosities posterior- coccyx

Question 37

boundaries of superficial perineal pouch

Answer 37

between perineal membrane and colles fascia

Question 38

contents of superficial perineal pouch

Answer 38

ishiocavernosus- superiolateral, covers greater vestibular glands (female) bulbospongiosus= medial boarder, covers bulbs of clitoris/penis superficial transverse perineus- between ischial tuberosities greater vestibular gland (female)

Question 39

what supplies the superficial perineal pouch

Answer 39

deep branches of perineal nerves and vessels

Question 40

where is the deep perineal pouch

Answer 40

superior to perineal membrane but under the muscles of the superficial perineal pouch

Question 41

male contents of deep perineal pouch

Answer 41

deep transverse perineal muscle external urethral sphincter bulbourethral gland (male)- in deep transverse perineal compressor urethrae

Question 42

female contents of deep perineal pouch

Answer 42

external urethral sphincter compressor urethrae urethrovaginal sphincter smooth muscles

Question 43

innervation of deep perineal pouch

Answer 43

dorsal artery, vein, and nerve of penis/clitoris

Question 44

describe the male urethral sphincter

Answer 44

covers the anterior prostatic urethra encircles the urethra at the base of the prostate exits genital hiatus and spreads out

Question 45

describe the female urethral sphincter

Answer 45

circular around bladder neck | spreads out around vagina, forming compressor urethrae and urogenital bulbs

Question 46

what causes fecal incontinence

Answer 46

damage to the pelvic diaphragm tearing of anal sphincter nerve damage

Question 47

what muscle maintains fecal continence

Answer 47

puborectalis | anal sphincters