Urinary

Question 1

what are the functions of the kidney

Answer 1

eliminate wastes
maintain ion concentration 
regulate blood volume
maintain blood pressure
hormone synthesis

Question 2

what hormones does the kidney make

Answer 2

erythropoeitin
renin
calcitriol

Question 3

what does calcitriol do

Answer 3

stimulates intestinal absorption of vitamin D

Question 4

what are the parts of the renal tubules (uniferous)

Answer 4

bowman’s capsule
proximal and distal tubules (thick, thin, straight, convoluted)
collecting tubules and ducts

Question 5

what are the parts of the nephron

Answer 5

renal corpuscle

proximal and distal tubules

Question 6

what is the renal corpuscle

Answer 6

bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

Question 7

what is the blood supply to the kidney

Answer 7

renal artery–> interlobar arteries–> arcuate artery–> interlobular–> afferent arterioles-> bowman’s capsule–> glomerular capillary–> efferent arteriole–> peritubular capillaries and vasa recta–> interlobular vein

Question 8

what happens if one of the vessels in the kidney is obstructed

Answer 8

no anastamoses so that area becomes necrotic

Question 9

where are podocytes

Answer 9

on the basal lamina of the visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule

Question 10

what proteins form the diaphragm of filtration slits between podocyte pedicles

Answer 10

nephrin and podocin

Question 11

what type of capillaries glomerular capillaries

Answer 11

fenestrated without diaphragms

Question 12

what forms the glomerular basement membrane

Answer 12

basal laminas of the capillary and podocyte

Question 13

what is the main barrier to filtration

Answer 13

glomerular basement membrane

Question 14

what is in the glomerular basement membrane

Answer 14

type 4 collagen
laminen
fibronectin
glycosaminoglycans

Question 15

what is the order of barriers for urine filtrantion

Answer 15

1. fenestrated capillaries
2. glomerular basememt membrane
3. diaphragms between the podocyte pedicles (nephron and podocin)

Question 16

alport’s syndrome

Answer 16

genetic defect in type 4 collagen production
thickened basement membrane, but assembled incorrectly
leaky resulting in proteinuria

Question 17

goodpasture’s syndrome

Answer 17

autoimmune disease with antibody production against type 4 colalgen

Question 18

congenital nephrotic syndrome

Answer 18

defect in nephron leading to protein urea due to incorrect diaphragms

Question 19

where are mesangial cells

Answer 19

glomerular basememt membrane

afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 20

what are the roles of mesangial cells

Answer 20

structural support- produces GBM
phagocytic- clears things trapped in GBM
contractile- regulates arteriole blood flow
secrete prostaglandins and growth factors

Question 21

what are the classification of nephropathy

Answer 21

diffuse- all glomeruli affected
foca- some glomeruli affected
global- entire glomerulus affected
segmental- part of glomerulus affected

Question 22

what is glomerulonephritis

Answer 22

inflammation of renal corpuscle

Question 23

what is lupus

Answer 23

thickened GBM due to antibody production

Question 24

what is IgA neuropathy

Answer 24

high IgA means logs of antibody/antigen complexes end up on the GBM which are cleared by mesengial cells
high activity means proliferation which leads to GBM destruction

Question 25

diabetic glomerulosis

Answer 25

increased glycoprotein production resulting in thickening of GBM with inefficient filtration--> protein leakage due to excess glucose

Question 26

hypertensive nephrosclerosis

Answer 26

2 forms benign- gradual tunica hypertrophy of arteries malignant- severe rapid rise in BP causes acute arteriole stenosis

Question 27

describe the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 27

simple cuboidal epithelium intercellular interdigitations basal infoldings with lots of mitochondria

Question 28

proximal tubule filtration/secretion

Answer 28

absorb water, Na, Cl, K, glucose, polypeptides | secrete creatinine

Question 29

what is the role of the loop of henle

Answer 29

maintain interstitium osmotic gradient

Question 30

describe the thin segment of the loop of henle

Answer 30

simple squamous epithelium

Question 31

describe the thick segments of the loop of henle

Answer 31

descending- similar to PCT | ascending- similar to DCT

Question 32

describe the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 32

few mitochondria few apical microvili simple cuboidal epithelium intercellular interdigitations

Question 33

what are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 33

concentrate urine | ascid base balance

Question 34

what are the 3 components of the JGA

Answer 34

juxtaglomerular cells macula dense cells mesengial cells

Question 35

juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 35

tunica media of afferent arteriole | glandular cells that secrete renin

Question 36

macula densa cells

Answer 36

distal tubule in contact with vascular pole of glomerulus densely packed chemoreceptive- sense changes in NaCl urine levels mediate JG cell renin secretion

Question 37

mesengial cells

Answer 37

between macula dense and JG cells continuous with mesangial cells around afferent and efferent arterioles contractile function- regulate bloodf low into glomerulus

Question 38

what cells secrete renin

Answer 38

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 39

what cells relate glomerular blood flow

Answer 39

mesangial cells

Question 40

where are interstitial cells

Answer 40

between the loop of Henle and the vasa recta

Question 41

purpose of interstitial cells

Answer 41

maintain structure | produce erythropoeitin

Question 42

what is interstitial nephritis

Answer 42

inflammation of interstitial area

Question 43

describe collecting ducts/tubules

Answer 43

``` no microvili no interdigitations no basal infoldings begin as simple cuboidal and then go to columnar light and dark cells ```

Question 44

where do collecting ducts converge

Answer 44

large papillary ducts that empty into renal papilla

Question 45

juxtaglomedulary nephrons

Answer 45

extend into medulla

Question 46

cortical nephrons

Answer 46

mostly in cortex

Question 47

what is in the medullary rays

Answer 47

collecting tubules, ducts, loop of henle

Question 48

what is the structure of excretory ducts

Answer 48

epithelium on lamina propria of loose CT muscularis muscle layer adventitia outer layer

Question 49

trigone of urinary bladder

Answer 49

area in urinary bladder where urine pools and bacteria build up

Question 50

describe the female urethra

Answer 50

short goes through pelvic muscles opening covered by stratified squaous epithelia

Question 51

describe the male urethra

Answer 51

long, sectioned | starts as transitional epithelium-> pseudo stratified columnar-> stratified squamous

Question 52

describe the prostatic urethra

Answer 52

surrounded by prostate | prostatic and ejaculatory ducts join

Question 53

describe the membranous urethra

Answer 53

short, goes through urogenital diaphragm which forms the external urinary sphincter

Question 54

describe the penile urethra

Answer 54

passes through the penis in corpus spongiosum | ducts of bulbourethral glands open into it

Question 55

what is renal tubule necrosis

Answer 55

disease affecting peritubular blood flow

Question 56

renal calculi

Answer 56

kidney stones- uric acid and mineral precipitation

Question 57

renal carcinomas

Answer 57

kidney cancer | clear cell- common kind

Question 58

urothelial carcinoma

Answer 58

bladder cancer, starts in wall and pushes in