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HS Exam 2 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

what are the parts of the conducting portion

A 
nasal cavity
nasopharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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2
Q

what are the respiratory portion

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the conducting airways

A

maintain patent airway

condition inspired air (cleanse, moisten, warm)

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4
Q

what is the typical respiratory mucosa

A

epithelium and lamina propria

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5
Q

what is the function of the ciliated columnar epithelium

A

cilia beat mucus up and out

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6
Q

what is the function of goblet cells

A

mucus production

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7
Q

what s the function of brush cells

A

columnar cells with microvilia

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8
Q

what is the function of basal cells

A

proliferation

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9
Q

what do neuroendocrine cells do

A

secrete active peptides and hormones

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10
Q

what cell types are located in the epithelium of typical respiratory mucosa

A 
cliated columnar
goblet
brush
basal
neuroendocrine
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11
Q

what is the lamina propria

A

connective tissue layer

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12
Q

what is in the lamina propria

A

seromucus glands
MALT
vascular netowrk

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13
Q

what do seromucus glands do

A

secrete serous and mucus substances

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14
Q

what is MALT

A

mucus associated lymphoid tissue

immune function

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15
Q

what are the supper tissues in the respiratory mucosa

A

cartilage
smooth muscle
elastic fibers

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16
Q

what are external nares

A

nostrils

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17
Q

what are vibrissae

A

whisker equivalent

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18
Q

what are the boundaries of the nasal cavity

A

superior- nasal bones, medial septum
inferior- hard and soft pallate
anterior- nares, vibrissae, vestibule, epithelium
posterior- nasal conchae, lamina propria, olfactory epithelium

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19
Q

what are nasal chonchae and what are they for

A

turbinate bones covered in respiratory mucosa
superior, middle, inferior bone scrolls
create turbulent airflow to lengthen moistening, cleansing, and warming time

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20
Q

what layer of nasal cavity are cavernous sinuses in

A

lamina propria

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21
Q

what are cavernous sinuses

A

areas that alternating swell and contract, temporarily blocking air flow so the respiratory epithelium can regenerate some

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22
Q

what cells are in olfactory epithelium

A 
support cells
stem cells
olfactory cells
sustenacular cells
olfactory glands
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23
Q

what are olfactory cells

A

bipolar neurons that extend an apical dendrite with odor binding receptor proteins into the nasal cavity and basal axons through the cribiform plate to the olfactory nerve

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24
Q

what do olfactory glands do

A

secrete odorant binding proteins

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25
what are paranasal sinuses
separate from the air conducting pathway, but drain into nasal cavity lined with typical respiratory epithelium route for bacteria to travel to cause infections
26
where is the nasopharynx
posterior to the nasal cavity
27
what is the pharyngeal tonsil called when infected
adenoids
28
where does the eustachian tube open into
nasopharnyx
29
what is the eustachian tube for
pressure equilibrium | route for bacteria to travel into the ear, especially in children
30
where is the larynx
tube above the trachea
31
where is the epiglottis and what are its parts
covers larynx during swallowing lingual surface- stratified squamous epithelium laryngeal surface
32
what makes the vocal cords
false vocal folds | true vocal folds (rims glottis)
33
describe the structure of the true vocal folds
lamina propria loose connective superficial layer | vocalis muscle
34
what is reinke's edema
infection or trauma to the reinke's space
35
what puts tension on the true vocal folds
intrinsic laryngeal muscles
36
where are the vocal folds
larynx
37
what supports the trachea
c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage with the opening facing back
38
what is on the posterior aspect of the trachea
trachealis muscle
39
what is the trachealis muscle for
cough reflex
40
what are the components of the bronchi
cartilage seromucus glands smooth muscle cartilage and elastic fibers
41
what changes in the airway structure as it moves inferiorly
decreased diameter decreased cartilage presence decreased seromucus glands
42
what are bronchioles made of
no seromucus glands no cartilage smooth muscle elastic
43
what changes as you move from upper to lower bronchioles
decreased goblet cells decreased height and complexity in epithelium decreased cilia
44
what lines terminal bronchioles
simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
45
where are clara cells and what do they make
in terminal bronchioles | make oxidases, antiproteases, surfactant components, and involved in chloride transport
46
what is a pulmonary lobe
terminal bronchiole and the lung tissue it supplies
47
what is the first location gas exchange happens
respiratory bronchioles
48
what is a pulmonary acinus
respiratory bronchiole and the lung tissue it supplies
49
what layer starts to have alveoli
respiratory bronchioles
50
what lines alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
51
what do alveolar ducts end in
alveolar sacs
52
what cell types are in the alveolar epithelium
type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells | septal cell
53
purpose of type 1 cells
blood air barrier, adjacent to the blood vessel
54
purpose of type 2 cells
maintence and repair of alveolar epithelium can differentiate into type 1 produces surfactant
55
what is IRDS
infant respiratory distress syndrome- not enough surfactant to keep the infant alveoli open
56
what do septal cells do and what do they look like
cuboidal/polygonal with microvilli foamy cytoplasm lamellar bodies make surfactant components
57
where is the intra-alveolar septum and what cell types are in it
body of alveolus]pulmonary capillary endothelial cells ct cells and fibers alveolar pores
58
what is the purpose of alveolar pores
equalize air pressure between alveoli and provide collateral air flow
59
what makes up the blood air barrier
endothelium of continuous capillaries with alveolar type 1 cells basal lamina of the capillary and the type 1 cell fuse
60
what is ards
acute respiratory distress syndrome destruction of blood-air barrier 2 categories- cardiogenic and noncardiogenic
61
what causes cardogenic ARDS
congestive heart failure | increased pulmonary capillary pressure leads to barrier disruption leading to fluid in the air space
62
what causes noncardiogenic ARDS
drowning or infections
63
what happens to the epithelium lining of alveoli with exposure?
multiplies and thickens to become a more protective barrier
64
describe chronic bronchitis
bronchiole wall thickening due to infiltration of inflammatory cells hypertrophy of smooth muscle hyperplasia of seromucus glands and metaplasia of epithelium leads to decreased lumen size
65
describe ephysema
loss of elastic fibers and alveolar wall breakdown--> large, open airways that don't expel air
66
describe the disease process of emphysema
lots of macrophages in alveoli to clear carbon particles release chemoattractants and MMPs which attract neutrophils neutrophils release elastases alpha 1 antitrypsin is decreased, so nothing is inhibiting the elastases
67
asthma
hypersensitivity of smooth muscle in bronchioles that can be triggered by allergens or an abnormal ANS response resulting in bronchoconstriction and excessive mucus production
68
what is interstitial fibrosis
end stage of interstitial lung diseases collage production increases result of silica, asbestos, coal, organic dusts
69
what is sarcoidosis
iodiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
70
what causes lung cancer
toxins, smoking, repeated infection
71
what happens during lung cancer
decreased cilia, metaplasia of columnar cells to stratified squamous epithelium
72
what tissue type is the visceral pleura
simple squamous epithelium
73
what tissue type is on parietal pleura
thicker mesothelia
74
what is mesothelioma
from previous asbestos exposure | tumors possible in pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium

HS Exam 2 (24 decks)

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