Pp Clues Renal

Question 1

Which part of the nephron concentrates urine?

Answer 1

Medulla

Question 2

What is the course of the ureter?

Answer 2

The ureter passes under the uterine artery, and under the deferens.

Question 3

What is the 60/40/20 rule?

Answer 3

60% total body water
40% ICF
20% ECF

Question 4

What is Goldblatt’s kidney?

Answer 4

HTN:Flea-bitten kidney (blown capillaries)

Question 5

What is Uremia?

Answer 5

Azotemia + symptoms

Question 6

What is Azotemia?

Answer 6

↑BUN/Cr

Question 7

What is Nephritic kidney disease?

Answer 7

↑Size of fenestrations => vasculitis

Question 8

What is Nephrotic kidney disease?

Answer 8

Lost BM charge due to deposition on heparin sulfate => massive proteinuria and lipiduria

Question 9

What is seen in RPGN (Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis)?

Answer 9

Crescents

Question 10

What is Post-Strep GN?

MCC in children

Answer 10

Subepithelial, IgG/C3/C4 deposition, ASO Ab

impetigo/pharyngitis

Question 11

What is Interstitial Nephritis findings ?

focal segmental necrotizing GN

Answer 11

Urine eosinophils or eosinophilic casts

asthma/ panca/

Question 12

What is Lupus Nephritis?

Answer 12

Subepithelial
diffuse proliferative GN

decrease complement

Question 13

What is MGN?
(Membranoglomerulonephrits)

Answer 13

Deposition of “something”

Question 14

What is MPGN findings (Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis)?

Answer 14

Tram-tracks (type II has low C3)

Question 15

What is MCD (Minimal Change Disease)?

Answer 15

Kids, fused foot processes, no renal failure, loss of charge barrier

Question 16

which conditions shows FSGS (Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis)?

Answer 16

AA, HIV pts, HTN, Diabetes

Question 17

What are the vasculitis w/ low C3?

Answer 17

“PMS in Salt Lake City”*
Post-strep GN
MPGN Type II
SBE
Serum sickness
Lupus
Cryoglobulinemia

Question 18

What is the most common cause of kidney stones?

Answer 18

Dehydration

Question 19

What are the most common
type of kidney stones?

Answer 19

Calcium phosphate

Question 20

What type of kidney stones have coffin- lid crystals?

Answer 20

Triple phosphate

Question 21

What type of kidney stones have rosette crystals?

Answer 21

Uric acid

Question 22

What type of kidney stones
have hexagonal crystals?

Answer 22

Cystine
COLA

Question 23

Enveloped-shaped stones or dumbbell-shaped crystals?

Answer 23

Oxalate

Question 24

What disease has Aniridia?
Absent partial or complete of iris

Answer 24

Wilm’s tumor

Question 25

What disease has Iridocyclitis?

Answer 25

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Question 26

What is Phimosis?

Answer 26

Foreskin scarred at penis head (foreskin stuck smooshed up)

Question 27

What is Paraphimosis?

Answer 27

Foreskin scarred at penis base (retraction of foreskin => strangulates penis)

Question 28

What is Urge incontinence?

Answer 28

Urgency leads to complete voiding (detrustorspasticity → small bladder vol)

Question 29

What is Stress incontinence?

Answer 29

Weak pelvic floor muscles (estrogen effect)

Question 30

What is Overflow incontinence?

Answer 30

Runs down leg but can't complete empty of bladder | spastic/tight sphinter

Question 31

What structures have one-way valves?

Answer 31

Urethra, ejaculatory duct

Question 32

What structures have fake sphincters?

Answer 32

Ureters, LES, Ileocecal valve

Question 33

What has WBC casts?

Answer 33

Nephritis

Question 34

What has WBC casts only?

Answer 34

Pyelonephritis (sepsis)

Question 35

What has WBC casts + eosinophils?

Answer 35

Interstitial nephritis (allergies)

Question 36

What has WBC casts + RBC casts?

Answer 36

Glomerulonephritis

Question 37

What has Fat casts?

Answer 37

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 38

What has Waxy casts?

Answer 38

Chronic renal failure

Question 39

What has Tubular casts?

Answer 39

ATN

Question 40

What has Muddy brown casts?

Answer 40

ATN

Question 41

What has Hyaline casts?

Answer 41

Normal sloughing

Question 42

What has Epithelial casts?

Answer 42

Normal sloughing

Question 43

What has Crescents?

Answer 43

RPGN

Question 44

How do you measure afferent renal function?

Answer 44

Creatinine (or inulin)

Question 45

How do you measure efferent renal function?

Answer 45

BUN (or PAH)

Question 46

What is the afferent arteriole's job?

Answer 46

Filter

Question 47

What happens if you constrict the afferent arteriole?

Answer 47

RPF goes down GFR goes down FF (GFR/RPF) stays unchanged

Question 48

What is the efferent arteriole's job?

Answer 48

Secrete

Question 49

What happens if you constrict the efferent arteriole?

Answer 49

RPF goes down GFR goes up FF (GFR/RPF) goes up

Question 50

How do you test afferent arteriole function?

Answer 50

GFR

Question 51

What is normal GFR?

Answer 51

100 mL/min

Question 52

How do you test efferent arteriole function?

Answer 52

RPF

Question 53

What happens if you increase plasma protein concentration?

Answer 53

RPF stays unchanged GFR goes down FF (GFR/RPF) goes down

Question 54

What is pre-renal failure?

Answer 54

Low flow to kidney (BUN:Cr >20)

Question 55

What is renal failure?

Answer 55

Damage glomerulus (BUN:Cr <20)

Question 56

What is post-renal failure?

Answer 56

Obstruction (haven't peed in last 4 days)

Question 57

What is the job of the proximal tubule?

Answer 57

Reabsorb glucose, amino acids, salt, and bicarb

Question 58

What is the job of the thin ascending limb?

Answer 58

Reabsorbs water

Question 59

What is the job of the thick ascending limb?

Answer 59

Make the concentration gradient by reabsorbing Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca without water

Question 60

What is the job of the early distal tubule?

Answer 60

reabsorbing NaCl (hypotonic)

Question 61

What is the job of the late distal tubule and collecting duct?

Answer 61

Final concentration of urine by reabsorbing water, excretion of acid

Question 62

What does the macula densa do?

Answer 62

Measures osmolarity

Question 63

What does the J-G apparatus do?

Answer 63

Measures volume

Question 64

What is Fanconi's syndrome?

Answer 64

Old tetracycline use => urine phosphates, glucose, amino acids | severe electrolite inbalance

Question 65

What is Bartter's syndrome?

Answer 65

Baby w/ defective triple transporter (low Na, Cl, K w/ normal BP)

Question 66

What is Psychogenic polydipsia?

Answer 66

No concentrating ability →cerebral edema

Question 67

What is Hepatorenal syndrome?

Answer 67

High urea from liver →increase activity of glutaminase→NH4+→GABA→ kidney stops working

Question 68

What is Type 1 RTA?

Answer 68

Distal renal tubular acidosis: H/K in CD is broken→high urine pH (UTI, stones, Li)

Question 69

What is Type 2 RTA?

Answer 69

Proximal RTA: bad CA →lost all bicarb → low urine pH (multiple myeloma)

Question 70

What is Type 3 RTA?

Answer 70

RTA I + II → normal urine pH (5-6)

Question 71

What is Type 4 RTA?

Answer 71

Infarct J-G → no renin → no Aldo → high K (DM,NSAIDS, ACE-I, Heparin)

Question 72

What is Central Pontine Myelinolysis?

Answer 72

Due to correcting Na faster than 0.5mEq/hr

Question 73

Urachal cyst

Answer 73

Urine drains from umbilicus

Question 74

Exstrophy of bladder risk

Answer 74

Bladder cancer persists

Question 75

To pee

Answer 75

M3 agonist. Bethanecol B2 Antig: non selective B blocker A1 antagonist:zozin

Question 76

Not to pee

Answer 76

M3 antagonist :oxybutyine B2 agonist albutorol, terbutaline A1 agonist Ephedrine B3 agonist: mirabegran

Question 77

Urge incontinence | drug

Answer 77

Oxybutyine Mirabegram

Question 78

WBC cast

Question 79

RBC cast

Question 80

Eosinophil cast Fatty cast

Question 81

Waxy cast Hyaline cast

Question 82

Metanephros give rise to

Answer 82

adult kidney

Question 83

2 barriers that prevent protein from leaking out vessel

Answer 83

heparin sulphate small fenestrations

Question 84

Proteinuria with nephrotic syndrome

Answer 84

basement membrane loss neg charge protein leaks out freely All protein low

Question 85

mcc of nephrotic syndrom in children

Answer 85

minimal change dz

Question 86

mcc nephritic syndrome in adult

Answer 86

HTN and DM

Question 87

MCC of nephritic syn in children

Answer 87

Berger's PSGN

Question 88

Nephrotic syn in adult

Answer 88

FSGN membranous nephropathy

Question 89

Ig-A nephropathies

Answer 89

Berger's HSP Alport's

Question 90

mcc of membranous nephropathy

Answer 90

deposition in the membrane amyloid drugs immune complex(MPGN)

Question 91

Lipoid nephrosis: Minimal change disease mcc

Answer 91

2 weeks post URI autoimmune: T cells and macrophages and fat deposition effacement of foot

Question 92

RTA 1

Answer 92

distal H/K defective: high urine PH

Question 93

RTA II

Answer 93

Proximal CA urine pH is very low 3-4 (distal HK)

Question 94

Acidosis with hypokalemia, look at

Answer 94

RTA

Question 95

RTA 3

Answer 95

combination of 1 and 2 so the pH is normal with acidic plasma

Question 96

RTA 4 is associated with

Answer 96

diabetes: infarction of JG apparatus low renin and Aldo

Question 97

crescents in the kidney

Answer 97

RPGN granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Wegener) Goodpasture's

Question 98

use to treat ADH by sensitizing receptor

Answer 98

Thiazides hypercalcemia