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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is deviation from social norms

A

behaviours or attitudes that break explicit and implicit rules set by society

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2
Q

what is the a03 for this

A

EASY TO USE- relatively easy for a doctor to know when an un/written rule is broken

Norms change- in the 70s it was abnormal to be gay now it isnt

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3
Q

what is statistical infrequency

A

a persons thinking or behaviour is statistically abnormal

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4
Q

what is an example of statistical infrequency

A

hallucinations or having an abnormally high/low iq

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5
Q

what is the A03 for statistical infrequency

A

objective method- it requires a clinician to look at statistics in order to check whether a behaviour is abnormal or not

Cultural bias- the normal distribution curve will be affected based on the culture the information was gathered in- diagnosis can be invalid

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6
Q

what thinker is associated with deviation from ideal mental health

A

maria jahoda

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7
Q

what are the criterias in order for you to have an ideal mental health

A

high self esteem, self actualisation, rationality,we can cope with difficult situations,we have a realistic view of the world,we are independent, we can successfully enjoy our work.

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8
Q

what is the a03 for this

A

difficult to achieve- not everyone will feel as if they have self actualised

cultural bias- jahodas work is for individualistic cultures rather than collectivist cultures- e.g. autonomy

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9
Q

what is failure to function adequately

A

not being able to do day to day things such as getup,shower,eat, this leads to distress and suffering

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10
Q

what is the criteria for this

A

suffering, observer discomfort, maldaptiveness, irrationality, unpredictability

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11
Q

what is the a03 for this

A

culture bias- this explains why lower class and non white patients are diagnosed as their lifestyle is typically more different than those giving the diagnosis

can be used to make an objective diagnosis-the global assessment of functioning scale is used by clinicians to rate an individuals social, occupational and psychological functioning and is scored on a numerical scale.

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12
Q

what are the 3 categories phobias are put into

A

agrophobia- fear of open space, social phobia- fear of interacting and performing infront of people, specific phobias- such as phobias of animals

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13
Q

what are the behavioural actions of a phobia

A

panic, avoidance and endurance

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14
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of a phobia

A

being unreasonable, anxiety

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15
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of a phobia

A

cognitive distortion, selective attention, irrational beliefs

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16
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of depression

A

change in activity, self harm, disruption of sleep and eating pattern.

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17
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of depression

A

lowered self esteem, anger, lowered mood

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18
Q

what are cognitive characteristics of depression

A

absolutist thinking, attending to and dwelling on the negative,poor concentration.

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19
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

Compulsion, Avoidance

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20
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of OCD

A

anxiet,worry and distress, guilt and disgust, accompanying depression.

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21
Q

what are cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

obsessive thoughts,hyper vigilance,, ingisght into excessive anxiety

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22
Q

what does the two process model suggest

A

a phobia is initiated by classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning

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23
Q

how is a phobia initiated

A

the individual recieves a punishment from the stimulus

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24
Q

how is a phobia maintained

A

the avoidance of the stimulus reduces fear

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25
what is research support for classical conditioning
little albert, the NS was the rat, the US was the bang sound, the UCR was fear, the NS and UCS became associated(CS) creating a CR of fear
26
what is A03 for the learning theory
Supporting evidence little albert ethical issues focuses on nurture side oversimplistic/reductionist.
27
what is systematic desensitisation
this is a behavioural therapy used to gradually reduce phobic anxiety through classical conditioning
28
how does SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION work
counter conditioning, a patient is taught an association such as relaxation to counter fear. its impossible to feel relaxation and fear so relaxation gets rid of fear
29
what is the first stage of the therapy
relaxation, the therapist teaches the client relaxation techniques such as deep breathing
30
what is an anxiety hierarchy
the therapist and client gradually go from the least scary situation to the most scary situation of the phobic stimulus
31
what is exposure
this is the patient being exposed to the phobic stimulus in a relaxed state and they then gradually go up the anxiety hierarchy. the patient should ideally be relaxed in each stage including the most feared stage
32
what is A03 for systematic desensitisation
supporting evidence-gilroy et al tested a group of people with a spider phobia-treated them with SD, 3 MONTHS AND 33 MONTHS after they were less fearful than the control group no side effects time consuming not effective for everyone
33
what is flooding
this is going straight into the deep mode and presenting someone with their phobic stimuli
34
how long are sessions
up to 3 hours, can take 1 session to cure a fear
35
how does flooding work
due to extinction, the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus
36
What is the a03 of flooding
Cost effective-ourgin compared flooding to cbt, flooding is quicker in removing certain phobias less time consuming ethical issues-traumatic experience not suitable for all phobias- certain phobias have cognitive aspects that flooding cant get rid of
37
how does ellis believe depression occurs
irrational thoughts prevent us from being happy
38
how does ellis demonstrate his thinking
The ABC model
39
what does the A stand for
Activating event- such as getting fired from work
40
what does the B stand for
Belief- can be either rational or irrational- they fired me because they had too many workers vs they fired me because they have it out for me
41
what does C stand for
Consequence, rational beliefs lead to healthy emotions whilst irrational beliefs lead to unhealthy emotions
42
what is mustabatory thinking
thinking that certain ideas or assumptions must be true for an individual to be happy
43
what are these beliefs
i must be approved or accepted, i must do very well or im worthless, the world must give me happiness or i die
44
what is A03 for ellis' belief
practical application- led to REBT which is more useful for treating depression than anti depressants unable to explain all types of depression, doesnt explain depression formed by chemical inbalance, only enviornmental ones.
45
what does beck believe causes people depression
a negative schema created during childhood caused by parental rejection, teacher rejection, peer rejection etc.
46
what is the negative triad
the self- i am plain undesirable what is there to like about me the world- the world would just be a better place without me the future- i am worthless, i have no future, i will always be on my own
47
what is the a03 for this
practical application- this has led to successful treatment and in terms of relapse, rates are lower than they would be with drugs low explanatory power- cant explain all types of depression e.g. depression that came from hallucinations or anger
48
what is the general A03 for this approach
reductionist practical application-led to cbt supported by evidence - hammen and kratz- found depressed patients made more errors when trying to interpret logic in material- means depression stems from cognition emphasises the role of freewill- shows clients have the opportunity to tackle their depression, shows they have the power to change the way they are
49
what happens in becks cbt
patient learns how to spot their automatic negative thoughts, then learns how to logically challenge them by coming up with evidence against it
50
why do patients use diaries
to monitor events where negative thinking occurs so they know what they can do to avoid it
51
what are the specific techniques used by beck
patient learns to spot negative thoughts patient learns how to logically go against it A clinical psychologist tries to determine what the basic beliefs are that a person has about themselves which may be the root cause of their dysfunctional thinking and logically challenge these beliefs.
52
what does ellis' REBT extend the ABC model into
ABCDEF model
53
what does the D stand for
disputing irrational thoughts
54
what does the E stand for
the effects of disputing
55
what does the F stand for
the new feelings produced from disputing
56
what is logical disputing
disputing whether the negative thoughts logically follows from facts
57
what is empirical disputing
involves disputing whether theres any evidence to support the negative thoughts
58
what is pragmatic disputing
this emphasises the lack of usefulness of self defeating beliefs
59
what is effective disputing
whether the activating beliefs are realistic or not
60
what is a03 for the cognitive approach to treating depression
effective compared to drug treatment- holon et all found fewer patients relapse than compared to drug treatment 45-40% reductionist time consuming not effective for everyone- people with severe depression wouldve given up since it takes so long
61
what does the genetic explanation of ocd suggest
OCD is caused by the comt gene-regulates dopamine levels and the sert gene- lowers serotonin levels
62
what did groothest et al find
conducted a twin study with a sample of other 10,000 twins.concluded ocd can be passed on through genetics with a genetic influence ranging from 45-65%
63
whats another genetic explanation for OCD
Polygenetic- can be caused from a caduate of genes, taylor et al found OCD to be linked to 230 caduate genes
64
what is the A03 for the genetic explanation
Reductionist- diathesis stress model suggests that there are environmental factors as the concordance rate has never been 100%. Doesnt explain all causes, what taylor et al found was only for children and not for adults. evidence is much weaker for adults then it is for children.
65
what does the neural explanation for OCD state
dopamine levels are insanely high in people with ocd, serotonin levels are insanely low in people with ocd, due to comt and sert gene
66
what did szecthman find
conducted a study on animals, found that high doses of drugs with dopamine cause OCD behaviours
67
how do abnormal brain circuits cause OCD
cases of OCD have been linked to impaired decision making which may be due to abnormal functioning of the lateral side of the frontal lobes in the brain. Theres also evidence that an area called the parahippocampal gyrus is associated with processing unpleasent emotions, functions abnormally in OCD
68
what is the a03 for the neural explanation
Reductionist- focuses on biology, doesnt acknowledge the fact that phobias can be initiated through classical conditioning and maintained through operant practical application- ssris have been introduced which helps with successfully treating ocd treats symptom not cause- treats the symptoms of ocd but doesnt treat ocd itself. serotonin may not be the problem for OCD
69
how do ssris treat OCD
they inhibit the reabsortion of serotonin in the brain, enabling the serotonin to remain active at the synapse-continues to stimulate the post synaptic neuron.this enables neurons to work normally
70
how do anti depressants reduce OCD
Anti-depressants reduce the anxiety associated with ocd, ssris help regulate mood and anxiety which reduces the symptoms of OCD
71
how do anti anxiety drugs reduce OCD
benzodiazepines are commonly used to reduce anxiety- they slow down the activity of the CNS by enhancing the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA. GABA has a general quietening effect on many neurons in the brain.
72
what is the A03 for the biological approach to treating OCD
Supporting evidence- sormo et all, compared placebos and ssris for treating OCD, 17 Studies shown better recovery rates for ssris. side effects less time consuming than cbt treats symptoms not cause

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