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Renal Flashcards

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1
Q

mesonephros becomes

A

male genital system

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2
Q

paramesonephros becomes

A

female genital system

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3
Q

metanephros becomes

A

glomerulus through DCT

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4
Q

ureteric bud becomes

A

collecting ducts to ureter

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5
Q

MC location for fetal hydronephrosis

A

ureteropelvic junction

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6
Q

trace path of renal artery

A

RA > segmental > interlobar > arcuate > interlobular > afferent > glomerulus > efferent > vasa recta/peritubular capillaries > venous outflow

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7
Q

effective renal plasma flow is measured by clearance of

A

PAH (para-aminohippuric acid)

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8
Q

renal blood flow =

A

RPF/(1-Hct)

note: plasma fraction by volume = 1-hct

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9
Q

estimated Renal Plasma Flow (over/under) estimates true RPF

A

underestimates slightly

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10
Q

filtration fraction (FF) =

A

GFR/RPF

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11
Q

dehydration effects on GFR, RPF, and FF

A

GFR and RPF go down, but FF goes up

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12
Q

FENA =

A

Na excreted / Na filtered

= (Una * V) / (GFR * Pna)

= (Pcr * Una) / (Ucr * Pna)

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13
Q

PTH inhibits phosphate reabsorption in this part of kidney

A

proximal tubule

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14
Q

AT II has this tubular effect

A

increases water, Na and bicarb reabsorption in proximal tubule (responsible contraction alkalosis)

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15
Q

paracellular transport of Mg2+ and Ca2+ into the blood occurs where

A

thick ascending loop

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16
Q

PTH increases Ca absorption in this part of the kidney

A

early distal tubule. does so by increasing Ca/Na exchange at basement membrane of cell

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17
Q

this drug blocks mineralocorticoid receptor but doesn’t block androgen receptor

A

eplerenone

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18
Q

these drugs block ENaC

A

amiloride and triamterine

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19
Q

this syndrome syndrome has effects of chronic loop diuretic use

A

Bartter sydnrome. AR. Causes hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis with increases urine calcium

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20
Q

this syndrome has the effects of chronic thiazide use

A

Gitelman syndrome. AR, less severe than Bartter. Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis, decreases urine calcium

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21
Q

this syndrome has the effects of hyperaldosteronism

A

Liddle syndrome. AD (ENaC gain of function)

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22
Q

syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess etiology

A

deficiency in 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

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23
Q

JG cells sense

A

BP. Note: these are modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arterioles

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24
Q

macula densa senses

A

NaCl. note this is part of DCT

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25
effects of dopamine released by PCT
natriuresis. at low doses, dilates to increase RBF (without changing GFR). At high doses, vasoconstricts
26
where does conversion of 25OH D to 1,25 OH D take place?
proximal tubule
27
insulin effects on potassium
shifts into cells
28
digoxin effect on potassium
causes hyperkalemia
29
beta agonist effect on potassium
shifts into cells
30
ECG signs of hypokalemia
U waves and flattened T waves
31
ECG signs of hyperkalemia
wide QRS and peaked T waves
32
low Mg can cause hypo___
hypokalemia
33
high Mg can cause hypo___
hypocalcemia
34
what does MUDPILES stand for
methanol, uremia, DKA, propylene glycol, iron/INH, ethylene glycol, salicylates
35
Diuretics that can cause normal anion gap acidosis
acetazolamide and spironolactone
36
renal tubular acidosis with increased urine pH
Distal RTA (type 1) due to impaired H+ secretion
37
RTA with hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemic RTA (type 4) due to hypoaldosteronism
38
potassium blood levels in proximal RTA (type 2)
hypokalemic
39
deposits in PSGN
subepithelial
40
specific dz assoc with RPGN
goodpasture, wegener, microscopic polyangiitis
41
EM finding Alport syndrome
basket-weave
42
deposits Berger disease
IgA in mesangium
43
deposits in type I MPGN
subendothelial
44
deposits in type II MPGN
intramembranous note: also called dense deposit disease
45
association with type I MPGN
HBV/HCV
46
association with type II MPGN
c3 nephritic factor
47
tram-track is associated with which syndrome
type I MPGN
48
deposit membranous nephropathy
subepithelial spike and dome
49
associations with membranous nephropathy
primary is antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor. can also be drug induced, SLE, or HBV/HCV
50
calcium oxalate precipitates with
hypocitraturia
51
calcium oxalate crystal shape
envelope or dumbbell
52
calcium phosphate precipitates with
basic pH
53
calcium phosphate crystal shape
wedge-shaped prism
54
treatment calcium stones
thiazides
55
ammonium magnesium phosphate stones precipitate with
basic pH (urease)
56
ammonium magnesium phosphate crystal shape
coffin lid
57
uric acid stones precipitate with
acidic pH
58
uric acid crystal shape
rhomboid or rosettes
59
cystine stones precipitate with
acidic pH
60
cystine crystal shape
hexagonal
61
renal tumor from collecting ducts
oncocytoma - eosinohphilic cells with abundant mitochondria
62
renal tumor from PCT
RCC
63
denys-drash syndrome
WT1. wilms tumor, early-onset nephrotic syndrome, male pseudohermaphroditism
64
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
WT1. wilms tumor, macroglossia, organomegaly, hemihypertrophy
65
WAGR complex
WT1. wilms tumor, aniridia, GU malformations, retardation
66
diuretic use for those with sulfa allergies
ethacrynic acid (loop target)
67
diuretics that are bad for gout
thiazide and loop
68
calcium excretion in loops is (increased/decreased)
increased. can cause hypocalcemia
69
calcium excretion in thiazides is (increased/decreased)
decreased. good for calcium stones

First Aid (18 decks)

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