reproductive system

Question 1

BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS

what things have happened to allow:

enhanced mobility

advanced toolmaking

problem solving

Answer 1

added life stage

placental efficiency

large brain size

opposable thumbs

bipedalism

Question 2

4 biological adaptations that have helped us not go extinct

Answer 2

biological adaptations

prolonged childhood

delayed reproduction

post reproductive life

Question 3

PROLONGED CHILDHOOD

extended learning + brain development =

Answer 3

survival + cultural skills

creativity

Question 4

DELAYED REPRODUCTION

reproduction after physical + cognitive maturity =

Answer 4

improved offspring survival

Question 5

POST REPRODUCTIVE LIFE

grandmother hypothesis (caregiving)

knowledge transmission

Answer 5

increase child survival

stronger social cohesion

Question 6

what happens at 5-6 weeks of development

Answer 6

structure differentiate into teste/ovaries

hormones switch on/off

testosterone / oestrogen produced

Question 7

4 main components in male + female reproductive system

Answer 7

gonads (teste/ovaries)

ducts

external genitalia

urethra

Question 8

what’s the primary function of the gonads

Answer 8

produced gametes (sperm / egg)

release sex hormones

Question 9

what process produces sperm in males

how long does it take

Answer 9

spermatogenesis

64 days

Question 10

what hormones regulate male reproductive system?

Answer 10

testosterone

LH

FSH

Question 11

what does too much testosterone inhibit release of

Answer 11

GnRH

Question 12

effects of testosterone

Answer 12

cns

stimulate bone/muscle growth

maintain/establish sex characteristics

maintain accessory glands/organs

Question 13

scrotum role

Answer 13

temp regulation

protection

Question 14

epididymis role
(male)

Answer 14

sperm maturation
storage
transport

Question 15

tube name that transports sperm from epididymus to urethra

Answer 15

ductus deferenes

Question 16

ovaries

Answer 16

produce eggs/hormones

Question 17

fallopian tubes

Answer 17

transport eggs

Question 18

uterus

Answer 18

support pregnancy

Question 19

vagina

Answer 19

birth canal

Question 20

width + thickness of ovary

Answer 20

width = 3.5cm

thickness = 1.5cm

Question 21

zona pellucida

Answer 21

glycoprotein layer

protect egg as it develops + travels

Question 22

oogenesis stages

Answer 22

primordial germ cell

primary oocyte

secondary oocyte + first polar body

mature ovum + other polar bodies

Question 23

phases of the ovarian cycle

Answer 23

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase

Question 24

what hormones regulate female cycle

Answer 24

FSH
LH
estrogen
progesterone

Question 25

during fetal development what determines gonadal differentiation into testes or ovaries

Answer 25

presence of SRY gene = testes absence = ovaries

Question 26

what days does ovulation happen best at

Answer 26

11-14

Question 27

what is one strategy we can use to test what stage they're in

Answer 27

check body temp

Question 28

follicular phase what days? 2 subphases

Answer 28

0-14 menses , proliferative

Question 29

what endometrial changes occur in menses

Answer 29

destruction of functional zone

Question 30

what endometrial changes occur in proliferative phase

Answer 30

repair + regeneration of functional zone

Question 31

what phase of the uterine cycle happens in the luteal phase

Answer 31

secretory phase

Question 32

what endometrial changes occur in secretory phase

Answer 32

stable, egg planted if fertilised prepared to shed if not secretion of endometrial glands

Question 33

what phase is progesterone highest in

Answer 33

luteul phase

Question 34

describe presence of estrogen in ovarian cycle

Answer 34

increase and peak at ovulation dip then increase again in lute then dip again

Question 35

what happens to mesonephric + paramesonephric ducts in females

Answer 35

mesonephric = regress paramesonephric = develop into fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina

Question 36

what does secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum do

Answer 36

stimulate endometrial growth + secretion

Question 37

estrogen release causes (5)

Answer 37

effect on cns stimulate bone + muscle growth establish/maintain female sex characterises maintain accessory glands + organs stimulation endometrial growth

Question 38

what happens in week 0-4

Answer 38

germinal stage

Question 39

what happens in week 5-6

Answer 39

gonadal ridge formation

Question 40

what happens in week 7-8

Answer 40

differentiation begins

Question 41

what happens in week 9-12

Answer 41

ovarian development

Question 42

what happens in week 13-16

Answer 42

external genitalia differentiation

Question 43

what happens in week 17-20

Answer 43

rapid ovarian development

Question 44

what happens in week 21-28

Answer 44

regression of oogonia

Question 45

what happens in week 29-36

Answer 45

maturation + final positioning

Question 46

what happens in week 37-40

Answer 46

prep for birth

Question 47

what's the order of events of development

Answer 47

germinal stage gonadal ridge formation differentiation begins ovarian development external genitalia differentiation rapid ovarian development regression of oogonia maturation + final positioning prep for birth

Question 48

when do primary oocytes form what stage of meiosis do they pause in

Answer 48

fetal development prophase 1

Question 49

what is the intergenerational influences hypothesis

Answer 49

maternal health + environment effect offspring fertility

Question 50

how does biological sex spectrum go beyond XX and XY

Answer 50

include intersex conditions + complex genetic / hormonal influences

Question 51

what is menarche ] what does it mark

Answer 51

onset of menstruation reproductive maturity

Question 52

is there a clear relationship between age at menarche + age at menopause

Answer 52

no studies = mixed results

Question 53

at birth how many oocytes does a female typically have

Answer 53

1-2 million

Question 54

key external genitalia structures that differentiate in females during development

Answer 54

clitoris labia majora labia minora

Question 55

what is atresia

Answer 55

natural degeneration of excess oocytes