respiratory system final

Question 1

upper respiratory tract is composed of

Answer 1

nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, structures associated with the above

Question 2

nose

Answer 2

the main conducting airway for inhaled air

Question 3

another name for nostrils

Answer 3

external nares

Question 4

roof of the nasal cavity is formed by

Answer 4

frontal bones, nasal bones, cribriform plate of the ethmoid, sphenoid bone

Question 5

the floor of the nasal cavity is formed by

Answer 5

horizontal plate of the maxillae, horizontal portions of the palatine bones

Question 6

vestibule

Answer 6

anterior region of the nasal cavity, near the nostrils

Question 7

vibrissae

Answer 7

coarse hairs near the vestibule used to trap large particles

Question 8

nasal septum

Answer 8

divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions

Question 9

what forms the nasal septum

Answer 9

septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, vomer bone

Question 10

another name for conchae

Answer 10

turbinates

Question 11

nasal cycle

Answer 11

alternating inactivation of one side of the nose

Question 12

paranasal sinuses

Answer 12

paired air spaces in the skull

Question 13

What are the paranasal sinuses

Answer 13

frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary

Question 14

pharynx

Answer 14

common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems

Question 15

nasopharynx

Answer 15

superiormost region of the pharynx, lined with ciliated epithelium

Question 16

auditory tubes

Answer 16

in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx and connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear so air pressure can be equalized behind the ear drum

Question 17

pharyngeal tonsil

Answer 17

in the posterior nasopharynx, commonly called the adenoids

Question 18

oropharynx

Answer 18

the middle pharyngeal region, is immediately posterior to the oral cavity

Question 19

What passes through the oropharynx

Answer 19

both food and air

Question 20

palatine tonsils

Answer 20

on the lateral wall of the oropharynx. the ones you can see in the mirror

Question 21

lingual tonsils

Answer 21

at the base of the tongue

Question 22

laryngopharynx

Answer 22

inferior, narrowed region of the pharynx. extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone and is continuous with the larynx and esophagus

Question 23

Lower respiratory tract is made up of

Answer 23

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and associated structures

Question 24

Another name for larynx

Answer 24

voice box

Question 25

larynx

Answer 25

a short, somewhat cylindrical airway that is bounded superiorly by the laryngopharynx and posteriorly by the esophagus and inferiorly by the trachea

Question 26

functions of the larynx

Answer 26

passageway for air, prevent swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract, sounds of speech, increases pressure in the abdominal cavity

Question 27

valsalva maneuver

Answer 27

the epiglottis closes over the larynx so air cannot escape; simultaneously abdominal muscles contract to increase abdominal pressure

Question 28

thyroid cartilage

Answer 28

forms only the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx

Question 29

laryngeal prominence

Answer 29

Adam's apple; V-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage

Question 30

cricoid cartilage

Answer 30

ring-shaped, forms the inferior base of the larynx and connects to the trachea inferiorly

Question 31

cricothyroid ligament

Answer 31

dense connective tissue band, attaches the cricoid cartilage to the inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage. is 4 fingers width above the sternal notch

Question 32

cricothyrotomy

Answer 32

an emergency airway, sometimes opened in the larynx by making an incision through the cricothyroid ligment

Question 33

what is the epiglottis formed by

Answer 33

elastic cartilage

Question 34

vallecula

Answer 34

a little valley found at the base of the tongue and anterior to the base of the epiglottis

Question 35

vestibular ligaments

Answer 35

the superior ligaments of the larynx

Question 36

vestibular folds

Answer 36

vestibular ligaments and the mucous membrane covering them. known as the false vocal cords

Question 37

vocal ligaments

Answer 37

inferior ligaments of the larynx.

Question 38

vocal fold

Answer 38

vocal ligaments with the mucous membrane covering them. known as the true vocal cords

Question 39

rima glottidis

Answer 39

the opening between the vocal folds

Question 40

glottis

Answer 40

the rima glottidis plus the vocal folds

Question 41

trachea

Answer 41

a flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ often referred to as the windpipe

Question 42

What holds the open ends of each C-shaped piece of the trachea

Answer 42

the trachealis muscle and by elastic, ligamentous membrane

Question 43

primary bronchi

Answer 43

at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes

Question 44

carina

Answer 44

an internal ridge formed by the most inferior tracheal cartilage separating the primary bronchi at the origin

Question 45

bronchial tree

Answer 45

a highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before ending in the terminal bronchioles

Question 46

hilum

Answer 46

the medial surface of the lung

Question 47

secondary bronchi

Answer 47

branches of the primary bronchi

Question 48

how many secondary bronchi does each lung have

Answer 48

right has three, left as two

Question 49

tertiary bronchi

Answer 49

secondary bronchi branch into these even smaller bronchi

Question 50

bronchioles

Answer 50

the smaller tubules that are no longer lined with cilia. have no irregular plates of cartilage in their walls

Question 51

bronchoconstriction

Answer 51

smooth muscle contraction narrowing bronchioles

Question 52

bronchodilation

Answer 52

smooth muscle relaxation dilating bronchioles

Question 53

what does the respiratory portion of the respiratory system consist of

Answer 53

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and pulmonary alveoli

Question 54

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 54

smaller branches of terminal broncioles

Question 55

alveolar ducts

Answer 55

smaller branches of respiratory bronchioles

Question 56

alveolus

Answer 56

where gas exchange occurs. `

Question 57

how many alveoli do the lungs contain

Answer 57

300-400 million

Question 58

alveolar macrophages

Answer 58

migratory cells that continually crawl within the alveoli, engulfing microorganisms or particulate material that has reached the alveoli

Question 59

pleura

Answer 59

lung outer surfaces and adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by this serous membrane

Question 60

bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 60

sections of each lung with their own tertiary bronchus, surrounded by connective tissue, and each with its own arterial and venous blood supply

Question 61

bronchial circulation

Answer 61

a component of the systemic circulation and consists of tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung

Question 62

bronchial arteries

Answer 62

branch from the anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta and divide to form capillary beds to supply structures in the bronchial tree

Question 63

bronchial veins

Answer 63

collect venous blood from the bronchial tree and drain into the azygous system of veins

Question 64

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 64

breathing

Question 65

what innervates the trachea bronchial tree, and lungs

Answer 65

autonomic nervous system

Question 66

what is the main function of the sypathetic innervation

Answer 66

to open up and dilate the bronchioles

Question 67

what is the main function of the parasymphatetic innervation

Answer 67

to decrease the airway diameter of teh bronchioles

Question 68

Chronic obsturctive pulmonary disease

Answer 68

ephysema and chronic bronchitis