Integumentary System Flashcards
(119 cards)
0
Q
Cutaneous layer
A
Skin
1
Q
Integument
A
Skin
2
Q
Integumentary system consists of:
A
Skin, nails, hair, skin glands
3
Q
Homeostasis
A
Internal environmental balance
4
Q
Dermatology
A
Scientific study and treatment of the Integumentary system
5
Q
Integument tissues:
A
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, vascular tissue, nervous tissue
6
Q
Distinct layers of integument:
A
Epidermis, dermis (hypodermis is not actually apart of Integumentary system)
7
Q
Deep to the dermis is what layer
A
Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
8
Q
Small population of immune cells in skin
A
Epidermal dendritic cells
9
Q
Vasoconstriction
A
Blood vessels constricting
10
Q
Vasodilation
A
Blood vessels dilate
11
Q
Functions of integument
A
Protection, prevention of water loss, temperature regulation, metabolic regulation, sensory reception, excretion by means of secretion
12
Q
Rickets
A
Softening and weakening of bones from lack of vitamin D
13
Q
Layers of epidermis
A
Stratum Basale, stratum Spinosum, stratum Granulosum, stratum Lucidum, stratum Croneum
14
Q
Types of cells in Stratum Basale:
A
Keratinocyte, Melanocyte, tactile (merkel)
15
Q
Keratinocyte
A
Most abundant cell type in epidermis. Found throughout all the epidermal strata. Get their name from their ability to synthesize the protein keratin
16
Q
Keratin
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A family of fibrous structural proteins that are both tough and insoluble
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Q
Cytokeratin
A
Keratin found in epidermal cells
18
Q
Melanocytes
A
Long branching processes and see scattered among the basal cells of the stratum Basale. Produce melanin
19
Q
Melanin
A
Pigment in the skin
20
Q
Tactile cells
A
Few in number and sedative to touch. Located in the stratum Basale.
21
Q
Merkel cells
A
Few in number and sensitive to touch. Located in the stratum Basale. Also known as tactile cells
22
Q
Epidermal dendritic cells
A
Small population of immune cells
23
Q
Vitamin D is essential for the processing of what
A
Calcium and phosphorus
24
Excessive sunlight can lead to:
Suppressed immunity, skin damage, increased risk of cancer
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The skin can detect
Heat, cold, touch, pressure, texture, and vibration
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The skin eliminates waste products such as:
Water, salt, urea
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Stratum germinativum
Stratum Basale and stratum Spinosum together
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Stratum Spinosum contains what type of cells
Keratinocytes and phagoctic cells (epidermal dendritic cells
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Stratum granulosum
Consists of 3 to 5 layers of Keratinocytes. The cells begin to die and fill up with keratin.
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Keratinization
When Keratinocytes die and fill up with keratin
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Stratum lucidum
Thin,clear region of two to three layers of flat dead cells. Only found on soles, palms, and lips
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Stratum corneum
20 - 30 layers of flattened, dead, scale like cells which contain large amounts of Keratin. Most superficial layer
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Cornification
After keratinization when cells become hard
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How does a callus form?
Friction at the skin surface stimulates additional mitotic activity if the stratum Basale, resulting in thicker skin in that localized area
35
Where does tattooing occur?
Below stratum basale
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What does thick skin not contain?
Hair follicles and sebaceous glands
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What does thick skin contain?
Sweat glands
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What does thin skin contain?
Sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands
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What contributes to skin color?
Melanin, hemoglobin, carotene
40
What does melanin protect?
DNA from UV light
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Where is hemoglobin found?
In Erythrocytes
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Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
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What color is deoxygenated blood
Dark red or maroon
44
What does blood appear blue?
Subcutaneous fat absorbs low-frequency light; permitting only the highly energetic blue wavelengths to penetrate through to the dark vein
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What is carotene?
The weakest of the skin pigments. It's a yellow-orange pigment that is acquired by eating various yellow-orange vegetables.
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Where does carotene normally accumulate?
Inside Keratinocytes of the stratum corneum and within the subcutaneous fat
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What does carotene convert to?
Vitamin A
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Albinism
A lack of melanin production caused by an inherited recessive condition which an enzyme needed to synthesize melanin is nonfunctional, so privileged Melanocytes cannot produce melanin
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Vitiligo
Depigmentation of parts of the skin. It occurs when Melanocytes die or are unable to function. The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but research suggests that it may arise from autoimmune, genetic, oxidative stress, neural, or viral causes.
50
Cyanosis
Caused by reduced oxygenation of hemoglobin in blood vessels. Skin turns blue
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Acrocyanosis
Cyanosis in the hands or extremities
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Pallor
Caused by a deficiency of erythrocytes, a deficiency of hemoglobin, or both
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Jaundice
Caused by the hemoglobin breakdown product bilirubin
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Erythema
Caused by increased blood in the dermis because of dilated blood vessels. Can be causd by sunburn, excess heat, emotions, or infections
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Postmortem lividity
When blood pools at the lowest point of the body 1 to 2 hours after death. Initially blanches when squeezed. After 8 hours will not blanch when squeezed.
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Livor mortis
When blood pools at the lowest point of the body 1 to 2 hours after death. Initially blanches when squeezed. After 8 hours will not blanch when squeezed.
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Dermis
Deeper and thicker layer than the epidermis
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Dermis has how many layers?
2. Papillary layer and reticulatr layer
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What does the dermis do?
Nourish the living portion of the epidermis and the numerous supportive components of the skin
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What is contained within the dermis?
Collagen, vascular tissue, many epithelial glands, it's extensively innervated, and has elastic fibers
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Papillary layer
Upper layer of the dermis
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Stratum papillarosum
Upper layer of the dermis
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Dermal papillae
Projections which extend from the upper layer of the dermis into the epidermis. They interlock with epidermal ridges
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Epidermal ridges
Deep inward projections of the epidermis
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What causes friction ridges?
The upward and downward waves of the papillary layer that contribute to friction ridges
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Does the papillary layer contain nerve endings?
Yes
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Reticular layer
The deeper major portion of the dermis and extends from the thin, overlying papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer.
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Stratum reticularosum
The deeper major portion of the dermis and extends from the thin, overlying papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer.
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Another word for Reticular layer is
Stratum reticularosum
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Reticular means?
Network. Referring to the mesh work of collagen and elastic fibers that contribute you the skins strength and elasticity
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Striae
Stretch marks
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Linea albincantes
Stretch marks
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Causes of striae
Rapid stretching of the Reticular layer. Pregnancy, teen growth spurts, excessive weight gain, and anabolic steroid use. It tears the collagen fibers
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Lines of cleavage
Linear orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in different regions of the body.
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Tension lines
Linear orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in different regions of the body.
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Causes of Linea albicantes
Rapid stretching of the Reticular layer. Pregnancy, teen growth spurts, excessive weight gain, and anabolic steroids
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Bed sores
Decubitus ulcers
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Decubitus ulcers
Bed sores
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What cause Decubitus ulcers?
Pressure cutting off blood circulation to boney parts of the body
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Subcutaneous therapeutic injection
Injection in the subcutaneous blood supply
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Liposuction
When a blunt hollow tube is roughly inserted into the subcutaneous layer so that fat can be auctioned out
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What does the hypodermis do?
Cushions, insulates, and helps regulate temperature
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What do nails do?
Serve to protect the digits and assist in grasping small objects.
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What forms nails?
Hardened, transparent, stratum corneum
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The cells that form the nails are?
Densely packed together and filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin
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Why do toenails grow slower than finger nails?
The blood supply to the toes is less than to the fingers
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Another word for hair?
Pili
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What is pili?
Hair
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Where is piling absent?
Sides and soles of the feet, the lips, the sides of the fingers and toes, and portions of the external genitalia
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Pilus
Single hair
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What is piling composed of?
Keratinized cells growing from a hair follicle that extends deep into the dermis, often projecting into the underlying subcutaneous layer.
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Where is hair produced?
Epidermal layer
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Hair bulb
Consists of epithelial cells and is a swelling at the base of the hair follicle where the hair originates
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Root
The remainder of the hair within the follicle but outside the bulb
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Shaft
The portion of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface
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Hair follicle
An oblique tube the that surrounds the hair. The follicle always extends into the dermis and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer. it has an inner sheath of epithelial cells
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Arrector pili muscles
Thin ribbons of smooth muscle extending from the connective tissue sheath around the hair follicle to the connective tissue of the dermal papillae.
98
What do Arrector pili muscles do?
Arrector pili muscles contract pulling on the follicles, which elevates the hairs and cause "goose bumps"
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Functions of hair
Protection, heat retention, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, chemical signal dispersal
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Hairs help disperse what?
Pheromones
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What detects pheromones?
The vomeronasal organ in the human nose
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What determines hair color?
Hair color is determined by the type and amount of pigment produced in the stratum Basale cells at the base of the hair follicle
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What leads to darker hair?
More melanin
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What causes red hair?
A special iron based pigment
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What causes gray hair?
A gradual reduction of melanin
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What causes white hair?
A lack of pigment entirely
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What are the causes of hair loss?
Dietary deficiency, high fever, radiation, drugs, aging, genetics, or changes in hormone levels
108
Where do the glands off the skin originate and where are they located?
They originate from the epidermal layer and they are located in the dermis
109
Skin glands secrete substances through ducts, so they are called:
Exocrine glands
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Sweat glands are also called what?
Sudoriferous glands
111
What are mammary glands?
Specialized Sudoriferous glands that secrete milk during lactation
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What are ceruminous glands?
Modified Sudoriferous glands that secretes cerumen
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What is cerumen
Earwax
114
Cerumen contains what?
Lysozyme
115
What does Lysozyme do!?
It's an enzyme capable of destroying bacterial cells
116
Another name for oil glands is?
Sebaceous glands.
117
What is sebum?
An oily, waxy secretion on the surface of a hair follicle to keep the hair and skin supple
118
Dandruff is caused by the test that belongs to the genera of
Pityrosporum or malassezia
