Skeletal System

Question 0

Two divisions of skeletal system

Answer 0

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Question 1

Parts of the skeletal system

Answer 1

Bones
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments

Question 2

Functions of the bones

Answer 2

Support the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation

Question 3

Skeleton comprises how many bones?

Answer 3

206 bones

Question 4

Two basic types of bone tissue

Answer 4

Compact bone - homogeneous

Spongy bone

• small needle-like pieces of bone
• many open spaces

Question 5

Classified as he “short bone”

Answer 5

Calcaneus

Question 6

Classification of bones according to SHAPE

Answer 6

Long bones

• typically longer than wide
• have a shaft with heads at both ends
• contain mostly compact bone

Short bones

• generally cube-shape
• contain mostly spongy bone

Flat bones

• thin and flattened
• usually curved
• thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone

Irregular bones

• irregular shape
• do not fit into other bone classification categories

Question 7

Gross anatomy of long bones:

Shaft

Composed of compact bone

Answer 7

Diaphysis

Question 8

Gross anatomy of long bones:

Ends of the bone

Composed mostly of spongy bone

Answer 8

Epiphysis

Question 9

Junction between DIAPHYSIS AND EPIPHYSIS

Answer 9

Metaphysis

Question 10

Covers the external surface of the epiphysis

Made of hyaline cartilage

Decreases friction at joint surfaces

Answer 10

Articular cartilage

Question 11

Cavity of the shaft

Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

Contains red marrow ( for blood cell formation) in infants

Answer 11

Medullary cavity

Question 12

Forms the longitudinal part of the body

Divided into three parts: skull, vertebral column, bony thorax

Answer 12

Axial skeleton

Question 13

Evzones of endochondral ossifications would cells accumulate Glycogen?

Answer 13

Zone of hypertrophy

Question 14

Bone formation

Answer 14

Intramembranous - DIRECT

Intracartilagenous/ENDOCHONDRAL - INDIRECT

Question 15

Zones of osteogenesis

Answer 15

Resting zone - site at which chondrocytes divide

Zone of proliferation - lengthens the cartilage model

Zone of hypertrophy - mature chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy, contain vacuoles and accumulate glycogen

Zone of calcification - degenerating chondrocytes, matrix between cells becomes filled with hydroxyapatite

Zone of ossification - contains differentiating osteoblasts

Question 16

Immovable joints

Answer 16

Synarthroses

Question 17

Functional classification if joints

Answer 17

Synarthroses - immovable joints

Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable joints

Diarthroses - freely moveable joints

Question 18

Structural classification of joints

Answer 18

Fibrous joints - generally immovable

Cartilaginous joints - immovable or slightly moveable

Synovial joints - freely moveable

Question 19

Bones united by FIBROUS TISSUE

SUTURES, SYNDESMOSES (allows more movement than sutures)

Answer 19

Fibrous joints

Question 20

Bones connected by CARTILAGE

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints

Answer 20

Cartilaginous joints

Question 21

Articulating bones are separated by a JOINT CAVITY

SYNOVIAL FLUID is found in the joint cavity

Answer 21

Synovial joints

Question 22

Features of SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Answer 22

Articular cartilage (HYALINE CARTILAGE) covers the ends of bones

Joint surfaces are enclosed by a FIBROUS ARTICULAR CAPSULE

have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

Ligaments reinforce the joint

Question 23

Pyramidal in shape

Answer 23

Axilla

Question 24

Boundaries of the axilla ANTERIORLY

Answer 24

Anterior (pectoral): Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Subclavius

Question 25

Boudaries of the axilla POSTERIORLY

Answer 25

Posterior (scapular): Subscapular Latissimus dorsi Teres major

Question 26

Boundaries of the axilla MEDIALLY

Answer 26

Medial (costal): 2nd and 6th rib, and intercostal muscles Serratus anterior muscle

Question 27

Boundaries of the axilla LATERALLY

Answer 27

``` Lateral (humeral): Humerus Long head of biceps brachii Short head of biceps brachii Coracobrachialis ```

Question 28

Boundaries of axilla APEX

Answer 28

``` Apex: Bounded by 3 bones Clavicle (anterior) Scapula (posterior) 1st rib (medially) ```

Question 29

Boundaries of the axilla BASE

Answer 29

Base: | Skin, subcutaneous fascia and axillary fascia

Question 30

Contents of axilla

Answer 30

Axillary vein Axillary artery Brachial plexus

Question 31

Distal part of the sheath is closed with finger pressure Syringe needle is inserted into the proximal part of the sheath - anesthetic solution is injected Position verified by feeling the pulsations of the THIRD part of the axillary artery

Answer 31

Brachial Plexus Nerve Block

Question 32

Tendons may become torn or inflamed

Answer 32

Inflammation of the rotator cuff

Question 33

Most commonly affected tendon

Answer 33

Tendon of SUPRASPINATUS MUSCLE

Question 34

Dorsal scapular spaces

Answer 34

Quadrangular space Triangular space

Question 35

Quadrangular space

Answer 35

Above - teres minor Below - teres major Medial - long head of triceps brachii Lateral - surgical neck of humerus Contents : axillary nerve (circumflex nerve), posterior circumflex humeral vessels

Question 36

Triangular space

Answer 36

Above - teres minor Below - teres major Laterally - long head of biceps brachii Contents: circumflex scapular vessels

Question 37

Deep fascia of the arm

Answer 37

Bicipital apeneurosis

Question 38

Muscles of the arm ANTERIORLY

Answer 38

Flexor ``` Contents: Musculocutaneous nerve Coracobrachialis - adducts/flexes arm Brachialis - main flexor of forearm Biceps brachii - flexes and main supinator of forearm ```

Question 39

Muscles of arm POSTERIORLY

Answer 39

Extensor Contents: Radial nerve Triceps brachii - main extensor of forearm