Flashcards in Social processes, attitudes and behaviors Deck (58)
1
Social Facilitation
when people perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others
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Yorkes - Dodson law of social facilitation
being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (or simple tasks) and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (or complex task)
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Deindividuation
occurs when individuals are in a group setting
due to the presence of a large group that provides anonymity and causes a loss of individual identity.
example: in group settings, the individual loses his sense of individuality and becomes an anonymous part of a group.
He is most likely to react in a manner inconsistent with his normal self.
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Bystander Effect
when people do not intervene to help victims when others are present.
the more people standing by, the less likely any one of those people is to help.
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Social Loafing
the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually.
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Peer pressure
the social influence placed on individuals by other they consider equals (peers)
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identity shift effect
explains the peer pressure phenomenon
conforming to the norm of the group for acceptance
highlights the cognitive dissonance
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cognitive dissonance
the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions.
this lead stop an internal state of discomfort which may manifest anxiety, fear, anger or confusion.
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social interaction
explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each others behavior.
10
group polarization
describes the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group.
can lead to a riskier and more cautious decision
Similar to choice shift
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risky shift
term to describe that group stand to make riskier decisions than individuals alone.
when these group shift toward caution the term used is CHOICE SHIFT
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Groupthink
a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
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illusion of invulnerability
(factor that indicates groupthink)
the creation of optimism and encouragement of risk - taking
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collective rationalization
(factor that indicates groupthink)
ignoring warnings against the idea of the group
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illusion of morality
(factor that indicates groupthink)
the belief that the groups decisions are morally correct
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pressure for conformity
(factor that indicates groupthink)
the pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal
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self - censorship
(factor that indicates groupthink)
the withholding of opposing views
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illusion of unanimity
(factor that indicates groupthink)
the false sense of agreement within the group
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mindguards
(factor that indicates groupthink)
the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
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excessive stereotyping
(factor that indicates groupthink)
the construction for stereotypes against outside opinions
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culture
the beliefs, behaviors, actions and characteristics of a group of society of people
passed down from generation to generation
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culture shock
when traveling outside of ones own society and having the culture differences to seem dramatic
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assimilation
when an individuals or groups behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group.
can also mean that groups with different culture begin to merge into one
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ethnic enclaves
assimilation is slowed down by this
locations (usually neighborhoods) with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity
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multiculturism
communities or societies containing multiple cultures
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subcultures
a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong.
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Socialization
the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
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Norms
are what determine the boundaries of acceptable behavior within society
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Stigma
the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society
evolves over time
family members of a murdered or rapist can be stigmatized
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Deviance
refers to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within the society
and act that goes against society
any act that meets with disapproval from the larger society such as promiscuous sexual behavior
provides a clear perception of social norms and acceptance boundaries, promoting social change.
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Conformity
changing the beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society
aka: majority influence
normative conformity: the desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection
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Compliance
occurs when individuals change their behavior based on the request of others.
Methods of gaining compliance include the door in the door technique, door in the face technique, lowball technique and thats not all technique among others
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obedience
a change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure
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Primary socialization
occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and other adults in close proximity.
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Secondary socialization
the process of learning appropriate behavior within small sections of the larger society.
occurs outside of the home and is based on learning rules of specific social environments
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Anticipatory socialization
the process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships
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Resocialization
process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change
can have (+) or (-) connotations
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mores
widely observed social norms
they are no laws but they do govern the behavior of society and provide a sense of social control.
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taboo
socially unacceptable
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folkways
norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular contexts, such as shaking hands after a sports match
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sanctions
penalties for misconduct that can be used to maintain social order
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labeling theory
posts that the labels given to people affect not only how they respond to that person but also the persons self image
can lead to channeling of behavior into deviance or conformity
its linked to deviance, stigmatization and reputation
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differential association theory
theory that says that deviance can be learned through interaction with others
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internalization
changing ones behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group
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identification
refers to the acceptance of others ideas without questioning them.
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lowball technique
the requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment
cost can be money, time or effort
ex: you are asked by your boss to head a committee with a time commitment of 5 hrs/month of meetings; you agree to head the committee, but discover afterwards that the commitment also includes written reports from each meeting and a quarterly presentation.
47
thats - not - all technique
an individual is made na offer but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected.
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Attitudes
tendencies toward expression of (+) or (-) feelings or evaluations of something
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functional attitude theory
states that there are 4 functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life: knowledges, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense
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learning theory
states that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning
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elaboration likelihood model
states that attitudes are formed and changed through different rules of information processing based on the degree of elaboration (central route processing, peripheral route processing)
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social cognitive theory
states that attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors and environment
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components of attitude:
ABC
A- AFFECTIVE: refers to the way a person feels towards something, and is the emotional component of attitudes (Snakes scare me and I love my family)
B- BEHAVIORAL: the way a person acts with respect to something. (Avoidingsnakzes and spending time with ones family)
C- COGNITIVE: the way an individual things about something, which is usually the justification for the other two components (knowing that snakes can be dancers and sometimes poisonous provides a reason to be afraid of snakes and to avoid them).
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central route processing
(HIGH ELABORATION)
scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information
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peripheral route processing
(LOW ELABORATION)
focusing on superficial details of persuasive information such as appearance, catchphrases and slogans and credibility
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ego expressive
allows us to communicate and solidify out self identity
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ego defensive
protect their self esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
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