Structural firefighting 8.

Question 1

The objective of an ($$$$$) fire attack is to apply enough water directly tot the burning fuel to achieve extinguishment.

Answer 1

Offensive

Question 2

Calculating the ($$$$$) allows the IC to match the number and size do fire lines to flow requirements.

Answer 2

Rate of flow

Question 3

An ($$$$$) attack is the preferred strategy whenever conditions and resources permit an interior attack.

Answer 3

Offensive

Question 4

A ($$$$$$) limits operations to the exterior, generally resulting in a larger property loss and limiting rescue options.

Answer 4

Defensive

Question 5

The ($$$$$$$$$) decision is based on staffing available to conduct an interior attack, water supply, ventilation, and a risk versus benefit analysis.

Answer 5

Offensive versus defensive

Question 6

In his book FIREFIGHTING PRINCIPALS AND PRACTICES, William e. Clark uses a derivation of the compartment volume in cubic feet divided by ($$$$$).

Answer 6

100

Question 7

In FIRE COMMAND ($$$$$$$$) states, “when the IC is able to apply mo water than the fire can match with heat we win”

Answer 7

Alan Brunacini

Question 8

John Coleman notes that a hose streams extinguishing capability will generally be determined in about ($$$$$$$).

Answer 8

30 seconds

Question 9

The success of the trial and error method is highly dependent on the ($$$$$$) of the standard pre connected hose lines.

Answer 9

Flow rate

Question 10

The ($$$$) method is probably the most common used method in determining flow rate.

Answer 10

Trial and error

Question 11

Royer Nelson:

Answer 11

Volume in ft3/ 100= gpm

Question 12

National fire academy:

Answer 12

Area in ft2/ 3 = gpm

Question 13

Sprinkler calculations

Answer 13

Fuel load specific calculations

Question 14

Lloyd Layman’s INDIRECT ATTACK THEROY is based on the very efficient cooling effect of water being converted to ($$$$$$).

Answer 14

Steam

Question 15

($$$$) involves directing a short blast of water toward the ceiling to reduce the potential for flashover.

Answer 15

Pulsing

Question 16

The purpose of ($$$$) calculations is to determine the size and number of hose lines needed when fire progress beyond the normal room and content residential fire, but when and interior offensive attack is still practical.

Answer 16

Rate of flow

Question 17

The ($$$$$) is based on the premise that the best rate of application is one in which the fire is controlled in 30 seconds.

Answer 17

Royer Nelson formula

Question 18

($$$$$$$) calculated the rate of flow in gallons per minute as the volume of the fire area in cubic feet divided by 1000 (v/100).

Answer 18

Royer Neleson formula

Question 19

The major assumption of Royer Nelson is that structural fires are primarily ($$$$$$$$$$).

Answer 19

Oxygen (ventilation) controlled

Question 20

As the area gets larger and ventilation occurs, the fire becomes ($$$$$$) thus negating the major assumption behind (Royer Nelson) theory.

Answer 20

Fuel controlled

Question 21

($$$$$) controlled fires require less water than a free burning fire.

Answer 21

Oxygen (ventilation) controlled

Question 22

Royer Nelson may understate the need in a ($$$$$)

Answer 22

Well ventilated large area fire

Question 23

The ($$$$$$) will be valid for most fires where an interior attack is advisable.

Answer 23

Royer Nelson

Question 24

Th US National Fire Academy developed the ($$$) formula.

Answer 24

A/3

Question 25

A article by Royer Nelson recognizes that v/100 is primarily a ($$$$$$)

Answer 25

Planning tool

Question 26

One 1 3/4 initial attack configuration a flow of approximately ($$$$$$)

Answer 26

125 gpm

Question 27

One 2" attack line with a 1" smooth bore nozzle yields ($$$$$)

Answer 27

240 gpm

Question 28

Both ($$$$) and ($$$$$) ignore the fuel load type; this is a substantial weakness in these formulas.

Answer 28

Royer Nelson | National Fire Academy

Question 29

Rate of flow should be included in pre incident plans when the size of the largest compartment exceeds the rate of flow established by the department's ($$$$$$) for the initial attack, including provisions for a backup line.

Answer 29

SOP's

Question 30

There are several sources for SPRINKLER CALCULATIONS including ($$$$) and ($$$$$$)

Answer 30

NFPA documents | Factory Mutual Data Sheets

Question 31

A well involved fire in a ventilated area will be controlled by both ($$$$$) and ($$$$$$).

Answer 31

Fuel | Oxygen

Question 32

The ($$$$$$$) formula for rate of flow is based on the area of involvement rather then the volume of the enclosure.

Answer 32

US NATIONAL FIRE ACADEMY

Question 33

Most fires can be controlled with less than ($$$$$) during the IGNITION PHASE.

Answer 33

1 gpm

Question 34

When using ($$$$$) to estimate the rate of flow, a percentage modifier can be used to reduce the fire area being calculated.

Answer 34

A/3

Question 35

When using ($$$$$) calculate the flow for the entire compartment. The percentage modifier does not apply.

Answer 35

V/100

Question 36

($$$$$$) rate of flow calculations are most accurate, as they are based on actual fire experience and consider the important factors of area involvement and fuel load.

Answer 36

Sprinkler

Question 37

NFPA 1142

Answer 37

STANDARD ON WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBURBAN AND RURAL FIRE FIGHTING

Question 38

($$$$$$$) rate of flow calculations are not suitable for on scene use unless the pre incident plan identifies flow requirements.

Answer 38

Sprinkler

Question 39

A close look at Royer Nelson and US NATIONAL FIRE ACADEMY rate of flow calculations shows that the ($$$$$$$$$) system yields higher rate of flow in most situations.

Answer 39

US NATIONAL FIRE ACADEMY.

Question 40

If fuel load is heavy in terms of total volume an or fuel type ($$$$$$$) would be preferred,

Answer 40

Sprinkle

Question 41

When confronted with a fire that is beyond control of two standard pre connect hose lines and where the fire flow has not been pre planned, the ($$) formula may be easier to apply.

Answer 41

A/3

Question 42

R/N assumes an ($$$$$) efficiency in getting water on the burning fuel. Flow should be sufficient to knock down the fire in 30 seconds.

Answer 42

80%

Question 43

When the average hose lay exceeds ($$$$), it would be wise to use 2" or larger pre connects to compensate for the additional friction loss.

Answer 43

250'

Question 44

It is best to use ($$$$$$) to determine the a Tula friction loss in the hose carried on department apparatus.

Answer 44

Calibrated pressure gauges

Question 45

One of the advantages of the pre connected hose line is establishing a standard ($$$$$$$$) which eliminates the need to calculate hydraulics at the incident scene.

Answer 45

Pump discharge pressure

Question 46

NFPA 14 requires that a sign be posted, usually at the main control valve, stating the location of the two most ($$$$$) hose connections with the designed flow and pressure at these connections.

Answer 46

Hydraulically remote

Question 47

Pump discharge pressure is usually set at ($$$$$) for automatic nozzles.

Answer 47

150 to 200 psi

Question 48

Stand pipe outlets with a residual pressure exceeding 100 psi or a static pressure of 175 psi are required to be equipped with ($$$$$$$$).

Answer 48

Pressure ducking valves

Question 49

Even when the aerial ladder is positioned at the ideal location close to the building, the portable stand pipe operation will be limited to to the ($$$$) floor, which is the optimum reach of a 100' aerial ladder.

Answer 49

Eighth

Question 50

Offensive fire attacks are normally described as ($$$$),($$$$), or ($$$$$).

Answer 50

Indirect Direct Combination

Question 51

The ($$$$) attack is preferred in most situations.

Answer 51

Direct

Question 52

Class A fuels must be vaporized by heating the solid materials until combustion vapors are emitted; this is known as ($$$$$$).

Answer 52

Pyrolysis

Question 53

($$$$$) the enclosure is the safest, most effective way of preventing ($$$$$).

Answer 53

Flashover

Question 54

Fires can extend vertically up the exterior of the building form windows or oter openings on the fire floor. All of these would be classified as ($$$$$).

Answer 54

Internal exposures

Question 55

Fire can extend to adjacent buildings as well. These are ($$$$$$).

Answer 55

External exposures

Question 56

In situations in which flows in excess of ($$$$$) are anticipated from a single pumper or for extremely long relay lines over ($$$$) is it sometimes necessary to place another PUMPER IN A LDH water supply layout.

Answer 56

1000gpm | 700'