SUFFIXES Flashcards
περῐ́
AROUND - ABOUT - CONCERNING
περῐ́ • (perí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)
(+ genitive) about, concerning, because of (+ dative) around, for, about (+ accusative) around (both in the circular sense and close proximity sense), near, about
πρό-
BEFORE - IN FRONT OF - TOWARDS
From Proto-Indo-European *pro, *pro- (see *per-). Cognates include Latin pro, Sanskrit प्र (prá), Proto-Celtic *ɸro and Proto-Germanic *fram (English from). May be related to πρός (prós, “towards”).
πρόςw • (prós) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)
(of direction) forward to, toward
(with genitive) the side of, pertaining to
(with dative) by the side of, near to
(with accusative) the place, time, occasion, or respect, which is the destination of the relation, or whither or for which it is predicated: about, according to, against, among, at, because of, before, between, ([where-]) by, for, at someone’s house, in, for intent, nigh unto, of, which pertain to, that, to (the end that), together, to ([you]) -ward, unto, with (-in)
*ɸro-
before, in front of
in addition
Proto-Indo-European/ per-
*per-
before, in front
(ordinal) first
SUFFIX LIST
- ίζω (-ize) “Localize, Mesmerize”
- ισμός (-ism) “Hinduism, Materialism”
- ία (-ia) “Georgia, Paraphernalia”
- τική (-ics) “Gymnastics”
- μενον (-ing) “Coming, Going”
- έω (to do) κοσμέω “to order, to arrange”
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-έω • (-éō)
Used to form verbs from nouns, adjectives and other verbs. Often, not always, added to the stems of thematic nouns or adjectives in -ος (-os).
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-μενον (-ing)
ἐρχόμενον
coming
V-PPM/P-AMS
-μένοις (-ing) καθημένοις They are sitting V-PPM/P-DMP Present Participle Middle/Passive-Dative Masc. Pl.
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-ος κόσμος world N-NMS The cosmos orders the affairs of men.
-ον κόσμον world N-AMS The people live within the cosmos.
-ῳ
κόσμῳ
world
N-DMS
κοσμέω • (kosméō) Verb to order, to arrange to adorn From κόσμος (kósmos) + -έω
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ἄνθρωπ-
Man - Human - Person
-ος ἄνθρωπος The man 'The man' gave a man money. N-NMS
-ον ἄνθρωπον A man The man gave 'a man' money. N-AMS Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular
-ῳ ἀνθρώπῳ to man The man gave money 'to a man' The man threw a ball 'to a man' N-DMS Noun - Dative Masculine Singular -ῳ ἀνθρώπῳ He said 'to the man', go and harvest the grain. N-DMS Noun - Dative Masculine Singular
-ου ἀνθρώπου of man The story is an account 'of a man' and his journey. N-GMS Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular
-ους ἀνθρώπους of men The story is an account 'of mans' journey. N-AMP Noun - Accusative Masculine Plural
-ε Ἄνθρωπε Man! Man! Behold, your debt has been forgiven you. N-VMS Noun - Vocative Masculine Singular
-οι ἄνθρωποι The men gave alms to the poor N-NMP Noun - Nominative Masculine Plural
-ίνῃ ἀνθρωπίνῃ human Mary gave a speech 'to the human' race. Adj-DFS Adjective - Dative Feminine Singular
-ίνης
ἀνθρωπίνης
By the mother “of the human” race.
The Bible is a codex ‘of female human’ wisdom.
Scripture was written ‘by a female human’ being.
The Bible was ‘born by the mother of human’ beings.
The Bible was ‘mothered by human’ beings.
Adj-GFS
Adjective - Genitive Feminine Singular
-ίνων ἀνθρωπίνων He was served 'by humans' hands. Adj-GMP Adjective - Genitive Masculine Plural
-ινον ἀνθρώπινον I am speaking in 'human' terms. Adj-ANS Adjective - Accusative Neuter Singular
-ινος ἀνθρώπινος The 'man' cave was in his garage. Adj-NMS Adjective - Nominative Masculine Singular
-οκτόνος ἀνθρωποκτόνος The 'man' murderer was apprehended. Adj-NMS Adjective - Nominative Masculine Singular
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γυμνός (“naked”)
γυμνότητα (“nakedness”)
γυμνάσιο n (“middle school”)
γυμναστήριο n ("gymnasium”)
γυμναστής m (“gymnast”)
γυμνάστρια f (“gymnast”)
γυμναστική f (“gymnastics”)
γυμνισμός (“naturism”)
PREFIXES LIST
ανα- again, above απο- out from, away from δια- across to the other side δῐᾰ- through επι- above, over ἐπῐ- υπο- under, inferior, less than ῠ̔πο- εἰσ- in, into ἐκ- out, out from κᾰτᾰ- down, against παμ- all, every σῠμ- with, together ῠ̔περ- over, super, more than Διό-
πέρα πέρα
sweepingly, overall, through, thru
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BETWEEN
Preposition
μεταξύ
between, amid, betwixt, twixt
ανάμεσα
between, betwixt
Adverb
μεταξύ δύο
between
στο ενδιάμεσο
between
εν τω μεταξύ
meantime, between
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THROUGH
Adverb
διά μέσου
through, thru
πέρα πέρα
sweepingly, overall, through, thru
κατ’ ευθείαν
straight, right, thru, straight away, through
Adjective
τελειομένος
over, through, thru
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ACROSS
Adverb
απέναντι
across, abreast
πέραν
beyond, across, past
εγκαρσίως
across, athwart, abeam
Preposition
διά μέσου
across, via
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INTO
Preposition
σε
in, into
μέσα
within, in, into
εντός
within, in, into
εις
in, to, at, into, unto, for
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AROUND
περί- around
περίμετρος
perimeter, periphery, circuit, ambit, compass
περιφέρεια
periphery, circumference, district, perimeter, girth, precinct
Adverb περίπου • (perípou) approximately, about nearly circa Antonym ακριβώς • (akrivós) exactly, precisely
ακριβής (akrivís, “exact”)
ανακρίβεια f (anakríveia, “inexactness”)
ανακριβής (anakrivís, “inaccurate”)
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BOUNDARY
Όριο
limit
Noun
όριο
limit, stint, ceiling, border, bound, purview
Verb
περιορίζω
restrict, limit, reduce, confine, cut down, stint
συμπτύσσω
tuck, limit, shorten
Noun
ορίζοντας
horizon
ορίζων
horizon
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WITHIN
Preposition
εντός
within, in, into
μέσα
inside, within, in, into
Translations of μέσα
Preposition
within
εντός, μέσα
in
σε, εν, εντός, εις, μέσα
into
σε, μέσα, εντός, εις
Noun
means
μέσα, μέσο
wherewithal
μέσα, μέσον
Adverb
inside
μέσα, εντός, απομέσα
στα πλαίσια
πλαίσια
(“frame”)
what lies around something, margin
( technical terminology ) wooden , metal, etc. skeleton , located around something for restraint , fastening , precaution, etc.
( metaphorical ) framework / frameworks : the boundaries or legal and other grids and conditions that define and regulate something.
Contraction στα • (sta) Contraction of σε τα (se ta, “to the”). Έδωσα το φαΐ στα σκυλιά. Édosa to faḯ sta skyliá. I gave the food to the dogs. Κολυμπούσε στα ρηχά νερά. Kolympoúse sta richá nerá. He was swimming in shallow water. Φτάσαμε στα σύνορα. Ftásame sta sýnora. We arrived at the border.
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GREEK CONTRACTIONS
Preposition
σε • (se)
to, at, by, in, on, unto, upon
from Ancient Greek εἰς (“to, in”) + τοῦ (“of the”)
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σε τον (se ton) → στον (ston) Contraction of σε τον (“to the”).
from Ancient Greek εἰς (“to, in”) + τον (“to the”).
σε του (se tou) → στου (stou) Contraction of σε του (“to (of) the”).
from Ancient Greek εἰς (“to, in”) + τοῦ (“of the”)
σε τους (se tous) → στους (stous)
Contraction of σε τους (se tous, “to the”).
τους • (tous) (weak personal and possessive forms)
(personal): their (3rd person masculine plural, genitive)
(personal): them (3rd person masculine plural, accusative)
σε των (se ton) → στων (ston) σε τη (se ti) → στη (sti) σε της (se tis) → στης (stis) σε την (se tin) → στην (stin) σε τις (se tis) → στις (stis) σε το (se to) → στο (sto) σε τα (se ta) → στα (sta)
σε (se) τα (ta) → στα (sta)
Contraction of σε τα (se ta, “to the”).
from Ancient Greek εἰς (eis, “to, in”) + τά (tá, “the”)
Article
τά • (tá)
neuter nominative/accusative plural of ὁ (ho) (“the”)
σε (se) τη (ti) → στη (sti)
σε (se) την (tin) → στην (stin)
σε (se) τις (tis) → στις (stis)
σε (se) το (to) → στο (sto)
σε (se) τον (ton) → στον (ston)
(rare, poetic) Contraction of σε των (se ton, “to (of) the”).
(definite) genitive masculine plural of ο (o) (the)
σε (se) τους (tous) → στους (stous)
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παρα- beside προσ- before πρωτο- first συχνο- χαμηλο-
κακο- bad
καλο- good
ξανα-
- ιστος
- ιστα
αγριοβλέπω (agriovlépo, “to look at with a menacing glance”)
αλληλοβλέπομαι (allilovlépomai, “see each other”)
αναβλέπω (anavlépo, “to see again, to look up”)
αποβλέπω (apovlépo, “to aspire, to aim at”)
διαβλέπω (diavlépo, “to foresee”)
επιβλέπω (epivlépo, “to supervise, to oversee”)
κακοβλέπω (kakovlépo, “to look at with animosity”)
καλοβλέπω (kalovlépo, “to look at with pleasure, delight”)
ξαναβλέπω (xanavlépo, “to see again”)
παραβλέπω (paravlépo, “to ignore, to overlook”)
προβλέπω (provlépo, “to foresee, to predict”)
προσβλέπω (prosvlépo, “to look forward to”)
πρωτοβλέπω (protovlépo, “to see first”)
συχνοβλέπω (sychnovlépo, “to see often”)
υποβλέπω (ypovlépo, “to covet”)
χαμηλοβλεπούσα f (chamilovlepoúsa)
English Suffixes List
NOUN SUFFIXES
- eer
meaning: engaged in something, associated with something, one having learned something.
examples: auctioneer, volunteer, engineer, profiteer - er
meaning: someone who performs an ACTION
examples: helper, teacher, preacher, dancer - ion
meaning: the ACTION or PROCESS of…
examples: celebration, opinion, decision, revision - ity
meaning: the STATE or CONDITION of
examples: probability, equality, abnormality, civility - ment
meaning: the “ACTION-OF” or “RESULT-OF”
examples: movement, retirement, abandonment, establishment - ness
meaning: a STATE or QUALITY
examples: fondness, awareness, kindness, darkness.
-or
meaning: a person who is something, official.
Someone “WHO IS” or “WHO DOES” something.
examples: distributor, investigator, translator, conductor
- sion / -tion
meaning: “STATE OF BEING”
examples: depression, confusion, tension, compulsion
-atio / -action
meaning: “THE ACTION OF SOMETHING”
Refrigeration, nomination, sublimation.
- ship
meaning: “POSITION OR OFFICE HELD”
examples: worship, ownership, courtship, internship - th
meaning: “STATE or QUALITY of BEING”
examples: strength, labyrinth, depth, warmth
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ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
- able, -ible
meaning: capable of being, potential capacity.
examples: preventable, adaptable, predictable, credible - al
meaning: pertaining to
examples: theatrical, natural, criminal, seasonal - ant / -ent
meaning: inclined to or tending to, characteristic of
examples: vigilant, defiant, brilliant, reliant - ary
meaning: “OF OR RELATING TO”
examples: budgetary, planetary, military, honorary - ful
meaning: “WITH A QUALITY or CHARACTER”
examples: grateful, beautiful, wonderful, fanciful
-ic
meaning: “RELATING TO”
(Having the quality of)
examples: iconic, organic, heroic, poetic
- ious, -ous
meaning: “HAVING THE QUALITIES OF”
examples: gracious, cautious, humorous, fabulous
-ive
meaning: “CHARACTERIZED BY THE QUALITY”
(Identified by the quality)
examples: creative, expensive, expressive, pensive
- less
meaning: “LACKING A QUALITY”
examples: hopeless, faultless, fearless, restless - y
meaning: “CHARACTERIZED BY”
examples: brainy, fruity, tasty, grouchy
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VERB SUFFIXES
- ed
meaning: past-tense version of a verb
examples: laughed, climbed, called, missed - en
meaning: Make it become
examples: soften, fasten, lengthen, strengthen - er
meaning: ACTION or process, making an adjective comparative
examples: faster, bigger, Fuller, longer - ing
meaning: verb form/present participle of an ACTION
examples: laughing, swimming, driving, writing
-IZE, -ISE
Adjective suffix
meaning: to cause or to become
examples: memorialize, authorize, commercialize, advertise
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-ly
Adverb suffix
meaning: in what manner something is being done
examples: bravely, simply, honestly, gladly
- ward
meaning: in a certain direction
examples: backward, wayward, awkward, afterward - wise
meaning: in relation to
examples: clockwise, edgewise, lengthwise, otherwise
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SUFFIXES

Suffix
Meaning
-able, ible
Possessing a quality, capacity, ability, faculty or skill,
capable, agreeable, edible, visible
-ade
result of action
blockade
-age
act of, state of, result of
storage, wreckage, damage
-al
relating to
gradual, manual, natural
-algia
pain
neuralgia, nostalgia, myalgia
-an, ian
native of, relating to
African, riparian
-ance, ancy
action, process, state
assistance, allowance, defiance
-ary, ery, ory
relating to, quality, place where
aviary, bravery, dormitory
-cian
possessing a specific skill or art
magician, physician,
-cy
action, function
hesitancy, prophecy, normalcy
-cule, ling
very small
molecule, ridicule, animalcule, duckling, sapling
-dom
quality, realm
freedom, kingdom, wisdom
-ee
one who receives the action
refugee, nominee, lessee
-en
made of, to make
silken, frozen, wooden
-ence, ency
action, state of, quality
difference, confidence, urgency, agency
-er, or
one who, that which
baker, miller, professor
-escent
in the process of
adolescent, senescence, putrescence
-ese
a native of, the language of
Javanese, Japanese, Balinese
-esis, osis
action, process, condition
genesis, hypnosis, neurosis, osmosis
-ess
female
goddess, lioness, actress
-et, ette
small one, group
midget, baronet, sextet, lorgnette
-ic
making, causing
scientific, specific
-ful
full of
frightful, careful, helpful
-fy
make
beautify, fortify, simplify
-hood
order, condition, quality
manhood, adulthood
-ic
nature of, like
metallic, acidic, bucolic, simplistic
-ice
condition, state, quality
justice, malice
-id, ide
a thing connected with or belonging to
fluid, fluoride, bromide
-ile
relating to, suited for, capable of
juvenile, senile, purile, missile
-ine
nature of
feminine, genuine, medicine
-ion, sion, tion
act, result, or state of
cancellation, contagion, infection, crenellation
-ish
origin, nature, resembling
foolish, Irish, clownish, impish
-ism
system, manner, condition, characteristic
alcoholism, communism, capitalism,
-ist
one who, that which
artist, dentist, flautist
-ite
nature of, quality of, mineral product
prelate, Mennonite, dynamite, graphite, Israelite
-ity, ty
state of, quality
celebrity, captivity, clarity, poverty
-ive
causing, making
abusive, exhaustive, abortive
-ize, ise
make
emphasize, exercise, bowdlerize, bastardize, idolize, fanaticize
-logy
study, science, theory
biology, anthropology, geology, neurology
-ly
like, manner of
carelessly, fearlessly, hopelessly
-ment
act of, state or, result
containment, contentment, amendment
-ness
state of
carelessness, restlessness
-nomy
law
autonomy, economy, taxonomy
-oid
resembling
asteroid, spheroid, rhomboid, anthropoid
-ous
full of, having
gracious, nervous, pompous,
-ship
state of, office, quality
assistantship, friendship, authorship
-some
like, apt, tending to
lonesome, lissome, threesome, gruesome
-tude
state of, condition of
gratitude, aptitude, multitude
-ure
state of, act, process, rank
culture, literature, rupture, rapture
-ward
in the direction of
eastward, downward, backward
-y
inclined to, tend to
cheery, crafty, faulty
ENGLISH SUFFIX COMPARISON LIST
Noun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
CATEGORY LIST (with explanations)
ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS
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SUFFIXES THAT MAKE ADJECTIVES
{modifies a noun}
Meaning - the noun having the attribute of...
To be beautiful (-ful)
To have the skill set (-able)
To have less of an attribute (-less)
- able (inflatable) having the ability.
- en (woolen) made of the attribute.
- ful (beautiful) full of the attribute.
- ible (flexible) having the ability to…
- ish (greenish) having a little of the attribute.
- less (careless) have less of the attribute.
- like (lifelike) similar to…
- ous (joyous) full of the attribute…
- some (quarrelsome) a tendency to…
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SUFFIXES THAT MAKE ADVERBS
{Modifies a verb}
Meaning - the verb having the attribute of…
To move quickly.
To go sideways.
- ly (quickly) in the manner of…
- ward (forward) shows direction.
- ways (sideways) shows direction.
- wise (clockwise) in the direction or manner of…
- fully (gracefully) full of the characteristic.
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- AL (adjective suffix) modifies a noun.
- LY (adverb suffix) modifies a verb.
- al (meaning, having the characteristic of…)
- ly (meaning, having behavior of…)
Accident (noun)
Accidental (adjective)
Accidentally (adverb)
Brute (noun)
Brutal (adjective)
Brutally (adverb)
Region (noun)
Regional (adjective)
Regionally (adverb)
Universe (noun)
Universal (adjective)
Universally (adverb)
Person (noun)
Personal (adjective)
Personally (adverb)
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- ARY (meaning, relating or pertaining to…)
- ARILY (meaning, having the behavior of…)
Custom (noun)
Customary (adjective)
Customarily (adverb)
Moment (noun)
Momentary (adjective)
Momentarily (adverb)
Caution (noun)
Cautionary (adjective)
Cautiously (adverb)
Honor (noun)
Honorary (adjective)
Honorarily (adverb)
Universe (noun)
Universal (adjective)
Universally (adverb)
Diet (noun)
Dietary (adjective)
Dietarily (adverb)
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- FUL (meaning, full of the characteristic)
- ARILY (meaning, having the behavior of…)
Beauty (noun)
Beautiful (adjective)
Beautifully (adverb)
Wonder (noun)
Wonderful (adjective)
Wonderfully (adverb)
Awe (noun)
Awful (adjective)
Awfully (adverb)
Skill (noun)
Skillful (adjective)
Skillfully (adverb)
Success (noun)
Successful (adjective)
Successfully (adverb)
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- IC (meaning, having the nature of, caused by)
- ICILLY (meaning, having the behavior of…)
Athlete (noun)
Athletic (adjective)
Athletically (adverb)
Base (noun)
Basic (adjective)
Basically (adverb)
Histor (root) History (noun) Historic (adjective) Historical (adjective) Historically (adverb)
Photograph (noun)
Successful (adjective)
Successfully (adverb)
Scire (root) from Latin, to know, knowledge.
Science (noun) scire + -ence
Scientist (agent noun) sci + ence + -ist
Scientific (adjective) sci + ence + -ific
Scientifically (adverb) sci + ence + -ific + -al + -ly
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- ICAL (meaning, having the nature of, caused by)
- ICALLY (meaning, having the behavior of…)
Magi (root) from pie root *megh {to be able}
Magic (noun)
Magical (adjective)
Magically (adverb)
Logo (root) meaning “the word, graphic symbol”
Logic (noun)
Logical (adjective)
Logically (adverb)
History (noun)
Historical (adjective)
Historically (adverb)
Practice (noun)
Practical (adjective)
Practically (adverb)
Statistic (noun)
Statical (adjective)
Statistically (adverb)
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-ISH
Meaning, having a little bit of the nature of the noun.
Fool - Foolish Child - Childish Self - Selfish Sheep - Sheepish Pink - Pinkish
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-Y
Meaning, having the quality, characteristic, attribute or property the noun implies.
Rain - Rainy Sun - Sunny Fun - Funny Dirt - Dirty Mess - Messy Mirth - Merry
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-LESS
Meaning, being without or not having the quality, characteristic, attribute or property the noun implies.
Power - Powerless Worth - Worthless Friend - Friendless Use - Useless Home - Homeless
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-LIKE
Meaning, having a similar quality, characteristic, attribute or property the noun implies.
Life - Lifelike Lady - Ladylike War - Warlike Child - Childlike Bird - Birdlike
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-LY
Meaning, having a similar quality, characteristic, attribute or property the noun implies.
Friend - Friendly Cost - Costly Month - Monthly Day - Daily Order - Orderly
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-OUS
-IOUS
The suffix -y transforms into to -i (-ious)
Meaning, having the quality, characteristic, attribute or property the noun implies.
Poison - Poisonous Danger - Dangerous Victory - Victorious Mystery - Mysterious Nerve - Nervous
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LIST - Phaino
ἀναφαίνω (anaphaínō),
ἀποφαίνω (apophaínō),
ἐπιφαίνω (epiphaínō),
προφαίνω (prophaínō),
δείκνῡμῐ (deíknūmi),
διαδείκνυμι (diadeíknumi),
ἐπιδείκνυμι (epideíknumi),
ἀποκαλύπτω (apokalúptō),
δηλόω (dēlóō),
σημαίνω (sēmaínō),
φράζω (phrázō)
(shine):
λάμπω (lámpō),
αὐγάζω (augázō),
αὐγέω (augéō),
φέγγω (phéngō),
σελαγέω (selagéō),
στίλβω (stílbō),
πρέπω (prépō),
θέω (théō)
————–
(seem):
δοκέω (dokéō),
εἴδομαι (eídomai),
ἔοικα (éoika),
ἰνδάλλομαι (indállomai),
ὑπειδόμην (hupeidómēn)
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DERIVED TERMS
ᾰ̓νᾰφαίνω (anaphaínō) ᾰ̓ντῐφαίνω (antiphaínō) ᾰ̓ποφαίνω (apophaínō) δῐᾰφαίνω (diaphaínō) εἰσφαίνω (eisphaínō) ἐκφαίνω (ekphaínō) ἐμφαίνω (emphaínō) ἐπῐφαίνω (epiphaínō) κᾰτᾰφαίνω (kataphaínō) παμφαίνω (pamphaínō) πᾰρᾰφαίνω (paraphaínō) περῐφαίνομαι (periphaínomai) προσφαίνομαι (prosphaínomai) προφαίνω (prophaínō) σῠμφαίνομαι (sumphaínomai) ῠ̔περφαίνομαι (huperphaínomai) ῠ̔ποφαίνω (hupophaínō)
Διόφαντος (Dióphantos) φαινομένω (phainoménō) φαινομηρῐ́ς (phainomērís) φαινόπους (phainópous) φαινοπροσωπέω (phainoprosōpéō) φαῖνοψ (phaînops) Φαίνων (Phaínōn) φᾰναῖος (phanaîos) φᾱνάπτης (phānáptēs) φᾰνή (phanḗ) φάνης (phánēs) φᾰνητιασμός (phanētiasmós) φαντάζω (phantázō) φαντασία (phantasía) φαντασιάζομαι (phantasiázomai) φαντασιόω (phantasióō) φάντασις (phántasis) φάντασμα (phántasma) φανταστός (phantastós) φάντης (phántēs) φαντῐκός (phantikós) φαντός (phantós) φάντωρ (phántōr) φᾰ́σῐς (phásis) φᾰ́σμᾰ (phásma) φρουρᾱ́ν φαίνω (phrourā́n phaínō)
CATEGORIES
NOUNS
The (Subject Noun) performs the action of the verb.
The (Direct Object Noun) receives the action of the verb.
The (Indirect Object Noun) receives the result of the action of the “Direct Object Noun”
The (Principle Noun) orders, directs or commands the (Agent) to perform the action of the verb.
ACTIVE
The (Principle) performs the action of the verb.
The (Agent) performs the action of the verb.
The (Doctor) performs the action of the verb.
PASSIVE
The (Principle) receives the action of the verb.
The (Agent) receives the action of the verb.
The (Patient) receives the action of the verb.
MIDDLE
The (principle) performs the action on or for himself.
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Category nouns (Group - Type - Class - Set)
Boundary nouns (Cell - Wall - Border )
( Circumscribe)
Static nouns - Stasis - Status - State - Stable
Action nouns - Nouns of action
ABSTRACT noun
CONCRETE noun
PSYCHIC / MENTAL nouns
BODY nouns
Category, type, class.
ORGAN nouns
Department -
SYSTEM nouns
What will do it when and in relation to what?
Where will it do it in the sequence of events?
When will it do it in the sequence of events?
FUNCTION nouns
Operator.
How did it do it?
How will it do it?
RELATIONAL nouns
Family - Integration - Connection - Communication
Articulation
CONCEPT nouns
Ideas, theories, hypothesis.
Things not perceivable by external senses.
PERCEPT nouns
Objects, perceptions, sensory data.
RESULT nouns
Outcome nouns.
IDENTITY - THING IN ITSELF nouns Essential Nouns. Identity Indicator Nouns. Description Nouns. Who did it. What did it.
PURPOSE nouns. Why will it do it? What is the intended outcome of doing it? What is it for? What is it doing it for?
MATTER nouns
Positive space - Thing - Substance - Physics - Close - Inside - Within - Something - Stuff
Clay - Substance - Material.
SPACE nouns
Negative space - Dimension - Field - Open - Outside - Without - Matrix - Medium - Void - Vacuum - Nothing
FORM Nouns
Shape, texture, appearance.
FRAME Nouns
Cell, wall, border, boundary, division.
Section. Limit. Definition.
CAUSE and EFFECT / SEQUENTIAL nouns.
Connection nouns
Joint - Tether - Articulate - Bind - Communicate
Ligament, stitch, suture, bond, promise
Legal (Law)
Persons
Rights and Obligations
Consent
BOND nouns.
Promise - Oath - Vow - Binding
Contract - Covenant
Consent, Assent, Agreement.
Connect, Attach, Ligament, Religion, Tendon.
Liens, Mortgage, Loan etc.
Security, Collateral, Performance Obligation.
DEGREE NOUNS
Value, Worth, Price.
Temperature, Strength etc.
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VERBS
Stative verbs
Transitive verbs
Intransitive verbs
Action verbs
Resulting verbs
Inchoative verbs
Genesis verbs (origin-beginning verbs)
Being verbs (a state of being - between-ing)
Becoming verbs (change from this into that)
Static verbs (describing moving systems)
Cyclic verbs (describing repetitive transformation)
Habitual verbs (describing repeated actions)
Persisting verbs
Ongoing - Sustain - Maintain - System
Perishing verbs (describing decomposition)
Durational verbs (describing lasting attributes)
Perpetual verbs (describing perpetual attributes)
Cyclic verbs
Habit - Iteration - Repetition
Influencing verbs
Field verbs (describing special operation)
Change verbs
Translation - Transformation - Transfiguration
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ADJECTIVES
Sight Adjective
See - Color - Value - Saturation - Size - Shape
Auditory Adjectives
Hear - Sound - Frequency - Loud - Soft - Tone - Articulation
Touch Adjective
Pain - Pleasure - Rough - Smooth - Tingle - Hot - Cold
Taste Adjectives
Autonomic Nervous System (Feelings)
Hunger - Desire - Craving - Sickness - Dizzy
Style
Property
Characteristic
Appearance
Image
Idiosyncratic
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ADVERBS
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GENITIVE
Possessive
Of
From
Association
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TENSE - TIME
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NUMBER
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GENDER
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LOCATION / PREPOSITION
Proximity Near - Far In - Out Upon - Within Going Into - Out from Coming - Going Away - Toward Up - Down Front - Back Side - To side In front of - Behind Lead - Follow
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SEQUENCE
first - second
Cause - effect
Dependence - this relative to that
In front of - Behind
Lead - Follow
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PURPOSE Desired Outcome Potential Outcome Actual Outcome Goal Model Architecture Input-output
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INTENT
Optative Wish Hope Want Desire Motive Volition Use Craving Urge
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POTENTIAL
Subjunctive Maybe Possibly Potential Stored energy
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NECESSITY
Need
Require
Must
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SUPERLATIVES / INTENSIFIERS
More - Less Bigger - Smaller Good - Better - Best Super Inferior \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
MOOD - MODALITY
Active - I did it
Passive - It was done to me.
Middle - I am doing it myself. It is being itself.
Middle / Passive - I am doing it “to” myself.
Active / Passive - I am becoming it.
I am acting to become it.
I am trying to become it.
I am working to become it.
I am studying to become it.
I am transforming into it.
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NOMINATIVE
“I” Do…
ACCUSATIVE
I Do “It”…
DATIVE
I Do It “To Him”…
GENITIVE I Do It For Him... I am from him... I am for him... I am of him... It is of me... It is mine...
ιστος
SUPER - GREATEST
-est
As in biggest.
ιστος (superlative suffix)
Super
Most
Greatest
Best
-ᾰ́ω
Forms VERBS from NOUNS
-ᾰ́ω • (-áō)
Forms verbs, usually from nouns in -ᾱ (-ā), -η (-ē)
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Cry - To Cry
Play - To Play
She was crying - He let out a cry.
He was playing cards. - He sat down to play.
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-άω
From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti.
Proto-Indo-European/ -eh₂yéti
*(o)-eh₂yéti
Creates iterative/ frequentative/ intensive verbs.
Creates causative verbs.
Proto-Indo-European/ -yéti
*(Ø)-yéti
Creates intransitive, often deponent, imperfective verbs from roots.
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χρή • (khrḗ) (impersonal, expressing necessity) have to, ought, should (with accusative of person and present or aorist infinitive) χρῆν - it was necessary χρή (khrḗ) + -άω (-áō).
χράω
fall upon, attack, assail,
scrape, graze, wound slightly
χρᾰ́ομαι
consulting, declare, proclaim,
χρῆσθαι to indulge one’s anger, give vent to
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βοάω From βοή (boḗ, “shout”) + -άω (-áō). βοάω • (boáō) "to" shout "to" cry aloud of things, to roar, to howl, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
φυσάω - to blow / blower
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πεινάω From πεῖνᾰ (“hunger”) + -ᾰ́ω πεινᾰ́ω • (peináō) to be hungry \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
τιμάω
From τῑμή (“honor”) + -άω
to pay honor to, to hold in honor, treat honorably, to honor, revere
Noun τῑμή • (tīmḗ) f (genitive τῑμῆς); first declension honor, worship, esteem high office gift, offering worth, value
τῑ́ω • (tī́ō)
to pay honour to a person (whereas τίνω (tínō) means to pay a price)
τῑ́νω • (tī́nō) (Epic)
to pay a price, that is, as a penalty; be punished with (whereas τίω (tíō) means to pay honor).
τῐ́σῐς • (tísis) f (genitive τῐ́σεως); third declension
payment
penalty, punishment, atonement, retribution, reward
vengeance
-σῐς
Forms abstract Nouns from verbs.
-τις Proto-Indo-European/-tis *(é)-tis f Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
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θηράω
κοπιάω
τελευτάω
γεννάω
ἀράομαι
χράομαι
γεννάω
βοάω
ἀράομαι
τελευτάω
χράομαι
σιγάω
νικάω
πεινάω
σιωπάω
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*(o)-eh₂yéti
Creates iterative/ frequentative/ intensive verbs.
Creates causative verbs.
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Blow, bellows = to blow, blower
From φῦσα (“bellows”) + -άω
probably ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European imitative root *pu- (“to blow, swell”). Akin to Latin pustula. Or, possibly a Pre-Greek word, suggested by the suffix of some derivatives.
φυσώ • (fysó) (simple past φύσηξα)
blow (wind, nose, trumpet, etc)
φῡσᾰ́ω • (phūsáō)
Blowing
(intransitive) to blow, to puff
(transitive) to blow out, to extinguish
φύσηξα - I blew
-ῐ́ᾱ
Forms feminine ABSTRACT NOUNS
-ῐ́ᾱ • (-íā) f (genitive -ῐ́ᾱς); first declension
Added to stems of adjectives, or rarely to the stems of verbs, to form feminine abstract nouns
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ῥέω - flow, flowing, stream, run, gush.
ῥοίᾱ - The flow.
οἶκος - house
οἰκέω - I inhabit (verb)
οἰκῐ́ᾱ - A household as a category, a kind of dwelling, liar (abstract noun)
ἰσοψηφία
ῐ̓́σος - like, similar ψάω - rub smooth ψῆφ - rub smooth ψῆφος - pebble used for counting ἰσοψηφία - ψηφοφορῐ́ᾱ - voting by ballot ψήφῐσμᾰ - new law, proposal passed by vote ψηφῐ́ζω - I count or add up with pebbles.
From ῐ̓σο- (ἴσος (“equal”) + ψῆφ(ος) (“voting pebble”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (“abstract noun suffix”)
ῐ̓σοψηφῐ́ᾱ • (isopsēphíā) f (genitive ῐ̓σοψηφῐ́ᾱς); first declension
equality of votes
equal right to vote, equal franchise
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-μᾰ
Write = that which is written.
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-ῐ́ζω
Vote = the policy voted on.
Used to form verbs from proper nouns of cities, demonyms, to denote:
adhere to the policy of the city.
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ᾰ̓ληθής (“true”) + -ῐᾰ → ᾰ̓λήθειᾰ (“truth”)
-όω
Forms VERBS from ADJECTIVES or NOUNS
Cryer - cried = the town cryer “cried” to notify the public.
Caller - called = the caller “called” the police.
Smiling man smiled - His smile filled the room when he “smiled”.
Coughing man coughed - A sharp cough broke the silence when the man “coughed”.
-όω • (-óō) Added to a noun or adjective to make a verb with a causative or factitive meaning: to make someone do or be something. Caller Cougher Handler Runner Hammerer Cutter
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From δῆλος (“manifest”) + -όω
δηλόω • (dēlóō)
(transitive) To show, to make apparent, known, clear.
Noun.
The result was manifest.
Adjective
They went west under manifest destiny.
Verb
The phenomenon was manifesting light.
Adverb
It was manifestly obvious.
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From τῦφος (“smoke”) + -όω, literally “to fill with smoke”.
τῡφόω • (tūphóō)
to delude, especially.
to “puff up” with pride, arrogance, insolence, etc.
Usually used in the past perfect tense (“to have been deluded” or “puffed up with pride”) to describe a present state (“to be demented” or “prideful, arrogant, insolent, etc.”).
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From στραγγᾰ́λη (“halter”) + -όω
στραγγᾰλόομαι
• (strangalóomai)
Strangle, to be twisted or knotted up.
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ἀμαυρός (“dim; feeble”) + -όω ἀμαυρόω • (amauróō) to darken to weaken (in passive) to grow dark, dim, or pale \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
βίος + -όω βῐόω • (bióō) to live, to become alive, to be alive. To be made to be among the living. ζάω • (záō) I live.
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σημεῖον + -όω
From σῆμᾰ (“mark, sign”) + -ῐον
σῆμᾰ • (sêma) n (genitive σήμᾰτος); third declension
mark, sign, token.
From Proto-Indo-European *dʰyeh₂- (“to notice”)
+ -μᾰ
Cognate with Sanskrit ध्यायति (“think of, imagine”).
σημεῖον • (sēmeîon) n (genitive σημείου); second declension a mark, sign, token tomb sign from the gods, omen wonder, portent sign or signal to do a thing, made by flags standard or flag body of troops under one standard or flag (heraldry) device upon a shield or ship; figurehead signet on ring; figure, image watchword, warcry birthmark or distinguishing feature (logic) a proof (logic) a sign used as a probable argument in proof of a conclusion (medicine) symptom (medicine) a kind of skin eruption (in the plural) shorthand symbols critical mark (mathematics) mathematical point point of time, instant (prosody, music) unit of time \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ὀρθόω
ὀρθός (“straight”) + -όω (factitive verb suffix)
ὀρθόω • (orthóō)
To straighten or make straight.
(transitive) To set upright, raise up (something or someone that has fallen down)
(transitive) To build or rebuild
(passive) To stand up (get up from a sitting position)
(transitive) To straighten
(figuratively, transitive) To restore to health or happiness
(transitive) To exalt, honor; to make famous
(transitive) To correct
(transitive) To bring to a happy end;
(passive) To succeed, prosper, flourish.
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From καινός (“new”) + -όω (factitive verb–forming suffix).
καινόω • (kainóō)
Change, I make new.
Transform from old to new.
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στοῖχος • (stoîkhos) m (genitive στοίχου); second declension
row in an ascending series.
(architecture) the first course of masonry steps.
(architecture) course of bricks.
file of persons marching one behind another, as in a procession.
(of ships, columns)
(of soldiers, file)
στοῖχος (stoîkhos) + -εῖον (-eîon)
στοιχεῖον • (stoikheîon) n (genitive στοιχείου); second declension
(properly) one of a row:
(in the sun-dial) the shadow of the gnomon, which advances regularly hour after hour.
στοιχειόω • (stoikheióō)
I teach or set down as elements.
I enchant, I charm
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- μα
- σμα
- μᾰτος
Forms NOUNS from VERBS
You should ‘write’ her a letter.
She noticed it was his hand ‘writing’.
The river ‘divided’ the mountains.
They crossed the great ‘divide’.
The opera ended when the fat lady sang.
She cried at the opera’s ending.
-μᾰ • (-ma) n (genitive -μᾰτος); third declension
Added to verbal stems to form neuter nouns denoting the result of an action, a particular instance of an action, or the object of an action.
γράφω (“write”) →
γράμμα (“that which is written”)
σχίζω (“divide”) →
σχίσμα (“that which is divided”)
ἀθλέω (“compete”) →
ἄθλημα (“a contest”)
ἀθύρω (play) →
ἄθυρμα (“a toy”)
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-μα • (-ma) n
added to a verb form to create gerund and action nouns:
καπνίζω (“to smoke”) + -μα →
κάπνισμα (“the smoking gun”)
ζεσταίνω (“to heat up”) + -μα →
ζέσταμα (“warming up”)
The fire was warming his hands.
You should worry about global warming.
τελειώνω (“to end”) + -μα →
τελείωμα (“the ending”)
The movie was ending when left the theater.
That was a bad ending.
ανοίγω (“to open”) + -μα →
άνοιγμα (“opening”)
Please open the door for me.
You should apply for the job opening.
- ιμο
- ξιμο
- σιμο
Forms GERUND NOUNS from VERBS
He will ‘run’ in the race.
The ‘runner’ ran in the race.
-ιμο • (-imo) n
added to a verb form to create gerund nouns:
τρέχω (“to run”) + -ιμο → τρέξιμο (“running”) He is going to run in the race. The fastest runner won the race. Start "running" if you want to win the race.
φταίω (“to be at fault”) + -ιμο →
φταίξιμο (“blaming”)
He was responsible for some of the blame.
The blaming blamer blamed him for the mistake.
σφάζω (“to slaughter”) + -ιμο →
σφάξιμο (“slaughtering”)
The slaughtering slaughterer slaughtered to cows.
ντύνω (dýno, “to dress”) + -ιμο →
ντύσιμο (dýsimo, “dressing”)
The dressing dresser dressed the child.
φτύνω (“to spit”) + -ιμο →
φτύσιμο (“spitting”)
The splitting splitter split the wood.
-θῐ
Forms ADVERBS of LOCATION
Added to nouns to form adverbs of location: at, in, on
Side door
Blue door
-ου
-ου • (-ou) (Attic, Ionic, Epic, Doric)
Genitive singular of second-declension nouns and adjectives
Masculine genitive singular of first- and second-declension adjectives
- ως
- ος
- ως forms ADVERBS
- ός forms ADJECTIVES
-ός (adjective suffix) = -ful / -ate / -y / -id
(as in…) graceful / delicate / dainty / splendid.
-ly (adverb suffix)
Added to the stem of adjectives or pronouns to form adverbs.
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SUFFIXES THAT MAKE ADJECTIVES
{modifies a noun}
Meaning - the noun having the attribute of...
To be beautiful (-ful)
To have the skill set (-able)
To have less of an attribute (-less)
- able (inflatable) having the ability.
- en (woolen) made of the attribute.
- ful (beautiful) full of the attribute.
- ible (flexible) having the ability to…
- ish (greenish) having a little of the attribute.
- less (careless) have less of the attribute.
- like (lifelike) similar to…
- ous (joyous) full of the attribute…
- some (quarrelsome) a tendency to…
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SUFFIXES THAT MAKE ADVERBS
{Modifies a verb}
Meaning - the verb having the attribute of…
To move quickly.
To go sideways.
- ly (quickly) in the manner of…
- ward (forward) shows direction.
- ways (sideways) shows direction.
- wise (clockwise) in the direction or manner of…
- fully (gracefully) full of the characteristic.
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-ος • (-os) n (genitive -εος or -ους); third declension
Added to verbal roots to form a noun of result or an abstract noun of action.
Added to the zero-grade.
ἔπᾰθον (épathon, “I experienced”, aorist) + -ος (-os) → πᾰ́θος (páthos, “experience, emotion”)
Added to the e-grade.
μείρομαι (meíromai, “to receive as one’s portion”) + -ος (-os) → μέρος (méros, “part”)
-ος • (-os)
Nominative singular of masculine and feminine second-declension nouns.
ἄνθρωπος m, f (ánthrōpos, “person”)
Masculine nominative singular of first- and second-declension adjectives.
ἄλλος m (állos, “other”)
Masculine and feminine nominative singular of second-declension adjectives.
ἄδικος m, f (ádikos, “unjust”)
Nominative, accusative, and vocative singular of some neuter third-declension nouns.
γένος n (génos, “kind”)
Genitive singular of consonant-stem or uncontracted third-declension nouns.
ὀνόματος n (onómatos, “of a name”)
Genitive singular of consonant-stem or uncontracted third-declension masculine or neuter adjectives.
παντός m, n (pantós, “of the whole of”)
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-ως • (-ōs)
Suffix
Added to the stem of adjectives or pronouns to form adverbs.
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ἁβρῶς • (habrôs) (comparative ἁβρότερον, superlative ἁβρότατα)
Adverb
gracefully, delicately.
ἁβρός (habrós) + -ως (-ōs)
ἁβρός • (habrós) m (feminine ἁβρᾱ́, neuter ἁβρόν); first/second declension (chiefly poetry, never in old Epic, rare in early Prose)
Adjective.
graceful, delicate, pretty (especially of the body)
splendid (of things)
graceful, pretty (of style)
dainty
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-ιστα
-EST - MOST - BEST
Most, very, best (superlative suffix)
-ιστα (-ista, superlative adverb suffix).
- ῐκός
- ic
Forms ADJECTIVES
Calorie = Caloric Atom = Atomic Icon = Iconic Comedy = Comic
Added to noun stems to form adjectives:
-ῐκός • (-ikós) m (feminine -ῐκή, neuter -ῐκόν);
first/second declension
of or pertaining to, in the manner of; -ic
Latin -icus
-icus m (feminine -ica, neuter -icum); first/second declension.
belonging to
derived from
of or pertaining to; connected with; -ish
Usage notes
The suffix -icus is added to a noun, adjective, verb, etc., to form an adjective.
Examples:
ūnus (“one”) + -icus → ūnicus (“single, unique”)
amō (“I love”) + -icus → amīcus (“loving, friendly”)
Gallia (“Gaul”) + -icus → gallicus (“Gallic, Gaulish”)
metallum (“metal”) + -icus → metallicus (“metallic”)
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ἀκουστικός
From ἀκούω (“to hear”) + -ῐκός
Auditory - Acoustic
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ἀγγελικός
From ἄγγελος (“messenger”) + -ῐκός
Angel - Angelic
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εἰκονῐκός • (eikonikós) m (feminine εἰκονῐκή, neuter εἰκονῐκόν); first/second declension
From εἰκών (eikṓn, “image”) + -ῐκός (-ikós).
representing a figure, portrait-like
counterfeited
belonging to or employing images.
Icon - Iconic
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κλῑνῐκός • (klīnikós) m (feminine κλῑνῐκή, neuter κλῑνῐκόν); first/second declension
From κλίνη (klínē, “bed”) + -ικός (-ikós),
from κλίνω (klínō, “to lean, incline”).
of or pertaining to a bed
(by extension) bedridden.
Recline.
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λῠρῐκός • (lurikós) m (feminine λῠρῐκή, neuter λῠρῐκόν); first/second declension
Of or pertaining to the lyre.
λῠρῐκός • (lurikós) m (genitive λῠρῐκοῦ); second declension
(music) lyrist
(poetry) lyric poet
lyre - lyric
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Τρωῐ̈κός • (Trōïkós) m (feminine Τρωῐ̈κή, neuter Τρωῐ̈κόν); first/second declension
From Τρώς (Trṓs, “Trojan”) + -ῐκός (-ikós).
Trojan - Trojanic
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ἀντᾰποκᾰτᾰστᾰτῐκός
(Koine, astrology, astronomy)
opposite to the position known as…
ἀποκατάστασις ( “apocatastasis”)
From ἀντι- (anti-) + ἀποκατάστασις (apokatástasis, “return of a planet to a place occupied before”) + -ικός (-ikós).
From Latin, from Ancient Greek ἀποκατάστασις (apokatástasis, “restoration, reëstablishment”), from ἀποκαθίστημι (apokathístēmi, “to stand up again”),[1] from ἀπό- (apó-, “back again”) + καθίστημι (kathístēmi, “I set, place, constitute, appoint”), from κατά- (katá-, “down, for”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “I set, stand, establish”).
apocatastasis (plural apocatastases)
(rare) restoration, renovation, reestablishment, particularly:
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ποιμενικός
From ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd”) + -ικός (-ikós).
ποιμενῐκός • (poimenikós) m (feminine ποιμενῐκή, neuter ποιμενῐκόν); first/second declension
Pertaining to a shepherd.
Shepherd - Sephardic
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Λευιτικός From Λευίτης ( “Levite”) + -ῐκός . pertaining to the Levites, levitical Levite - Levitic
-εύω
BE THE QUALITY IMPLIED BY NOUN
“be x” or “do what x typically does”
Rule = Ruler, one who makes and enforces rules. Roll = Roller
-εύω • (-eúō) -(pronounced) /e.vo/
Added to the stems of agent or other nouns in -εύς (-eús) to form …
a denominative “verb of condition or activity”,
meaning “be x” or “do what x typically does”
βᾰσῐλεύς (“king”) + -εύω →
βᾰσῐλεύω (basileúō, “to rule”)
ᾰ̔λῐεύς (“fisherman”) + -εύω →
ᾰ̔λῐεύω (“to fish”)
Added to other nouns
βουλή (“plan”) + -εύω →
βουλεύω (“to plan”)
παῖς (“child”) + -εύω →
παιδεύω (“to teach”)
ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (“assembly, marketplace”) + -εύω →
ᾰ̓γορεύω (“to talk”)
Pronunciation
(4th CE Koine) IPA(key):
/a.ɣoˈre.βo/ : /a.ɣoˈre.vo/
Pronunciation (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /eú̯.ɔː/ (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈe.wo/ (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈe.βo/ (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈe.vo/ (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈe.vo/
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Recent additions to the category νηστεύω κινδυνεύω στρατεύω ερωτεύομαι σοφιστεύω παιδεύω ὑποπτεύω μαντεύομαι λατρεύω ἑρμηνεύω Oldest pages ordered by last edit λιτανεύω σοφιστεύω ερωτεύομαι παιδεύω ἀγρεύω ἀγγαρεύω θεραπεύω νηστεύω λατρεύω μαντεύομαι
Α ἀγγαρεύω ἀγορεύω ἀγρεύω Β βουλεύω Ε ἑρμηνεύω ερωτεύομαι Θ θεραπεύω Κ κινδυνεύω Λ λατρεύω λιτανεύω Μ μαντεύομαι Ν νηστεύω Ο ὀττεύομαι Π παιδεύω Σ σοφιστεύω στρατεύω Τ -ευτικός Υ ὑποπτεύω
-io
HAVING THE QUALITY OF.
BEING OF THE PLACE, TERRITORY.
A JURISDICTION.
-io m
Added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”; -y
-io (front vowel harmony variant -iö)
Forms nouns from verbs or verbal stems.
itää (“to sprout”) + -io → itiö (“spore (of e.g. mushroom, moss)”)
valita (“to choose”) + -io → valio (“elite, select”)
Forms nouns from other nouns, adjectives, numbers or their stems.
yksi (“one”) + -io → yksiö (“a one-room apartment”)
kolme (“three”) + -io → kolmio (“a triangle; a yield sign”)
neljä (“four”) + -io → neliö (“a square”); shorter form for a square meter
-ῐ́ᾱ
Forms ABSTRACT NOUNS
Added to adjectives to form abstract nouns.
Added to adjectives to form a country.
-ῐ́ᾱ • (-íā) f (genitive -ῐ́ᾱς); first declension
Added to stems of adjectives, or rarely to the stems of verbs, to form feminine abstract nouns.
-ία • (-ía) f
added to an adjective to create a noun denoting a country:
Γάλλος (Gállos, “French”) + -ία (-ía) → Γαλλία (Gallía, “France”)
Τούρκος (Toúrkos, “Turk”) + -ία (-ía) → Τουρκία (Tourkía, “Turkey”)
Άγγλος (Ánglos, “English”) + -ία (-ía) → Αγγλία (Anglía, “England”)
-εῖος
Forms ADJECTIVES meaning “from” or “of”.
-εῖος • (-eîos) m (feminine -είᾱ, neuter -εῖον); first/second declension
Forms adjectives, usually with a meaning of “of” or “from”.
-eus
Forms ADJECTIVES from NOUNS.
(Made of)
-eus m (feminine -ea, neuter -eum); first/second declension
(with materials) Used to form adjectives from nouns, to indicate the source of an attribute.
argentum (“silver”) + -eus → argenteus (“made of silver”)
ferrum (“iron”) + -eus → ferreus (“made of iron”)
marmor (“marble”) + -eus → marmoreus (“made of marble”)
pīnus (“pine tree”) + -eus → pīneus (“made of pine”)
In adopted Greek words, surviving thus or as -īvus.
mūsēum (μουσεῖον (mouseîon), cf. mūsīvum from the same source)
-tus
Forms ACTION NOUNS “OF BEING”
-tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension.
(It does) - (it is being a)
Forms action nouns from verbs.
cadō + -tus → casus
habeō (“I have, posses, have on, carry, wear”) + -tus → habitus (“a state or condition of being, physical character, demeanour, style of dress”)
sūmō (“I spend [time, effort, money, etc.]”) + -tus → sumptus (“expenditure”)
-τῡ́ς
ACTION NOUNS
-τῡ́ς • (-tū́s) m (genitive -τῠ́ος); third declension
Suffix forming nouns of action.
Example
From the root of ἔδω (édō), Epic form of ἐσθίω (esthíō, “eat”), + -τύς (-tús, suffix for noun of action).
ἐδητῡ́ς • (edētū́s) m (genitive ἐδητῠ́ος); third declension (Epic)
EATING
He is eating.
- σῠ́νη
- sion
- tion
- ice
ABSTRACT NOUNS
-σῠ́νη • (-súnē) m (genitive -σῠ́νης); first declension
Forms abstract nouns from adjectives or nouns
δῐ́καιος (díkaios, “just”) + -σῠ́νη (-súnē) → δῐκαιοσύνη (dikaiosúnē, “justice”)
μᾰ́ντις (mántis, “diviner”) + -οσῠ́νη (-osúnē) → μαντοσύνη (mantosúnē, “divination”)
μνήμων (mnḗmōn, “remembering”) + -οσῠ́νη (-osúnē) → μνημοσύνη (mnēmosúnē, “memory”)
σώφρων (sṓphrōn, “prudent”) + -σῠ́νη (-súnē) → σωφροσύνη (sōphrosúnē, “prudence”)
- ānus
- ian
ADJECTIVE - (of or pertaining to)
-ānus m (feminine -āna, neuter -ānum); first/second declension
Of or pertaining to; -ian; usually indicates a relationship of position, possession, or origin.
Usage notes Edit
The suffix -ānus is added to a noun stem (particularly proper nouns) to form an adjective.
Examples:
mōns (“mountain”) → montānus (“montane, of the mountains”)
pāgus (“village”) → pāgānus (“rustic, of a village”)
Rōma (“Rome”) → rōmānus (“Roman”)
Christus (“Christ”) → christiānus (“christian”)
It is frequently preceded by the noun stem followed by -i- except in the case of Latin nouns (typically borrowed from Greek) ending -e- or -ae-, where it is preceded by -e- instead.
-or
AGENT NOUN
Creates an agent noun, indicating a person who does something.
(electrical science) Appended to the names of members of classes of components, especially those that have an extensive property name of the same root suffixed with -ance
Resistors possess resistance and inductors possess inductance.
-ance
STATIVE CONDITION NOUN FROM VERB
Added to the stem of a verb to form a noun indicating a state or condition, such as result or capacity, associated with the verb.
A process or action.
Utterance
Disturbance
Compliance
Resistance
-ia
ABSTRACT NOUN
Forms abstract nouns denoting a state or condition from adjectives or nouns.
-ia f (plural -ie)
allegro (“cheerful”, “happy”) + -ia → allegria (“joy”, “happiness”)
tiranno (“tyrant”) + -ia → tirannia (“tyranny”)
Derives abstract nouns denoting a collective group or a social condition
compagno (“companion”) + -ia → compagnia (“company”)
borghese (“bourgeois”) + -ia → borghesia (“bourgeoisie”)
Added to ethnonyms to derive place names
andaluso (“Andalusian”) + -ia → Andalusia (“Andalusia”)
Used to derive technical and scientific terms, especially from Ancient Greek terms.
-ia
Used to form an abstract noun, usually from an adjective or a present participle stem. ignāvus + -ia → ignāvia dēmens + -ia → dēmentia opulentus + -ia → opulentia fācundus + -ia → fācundia mīles + -ia → mīlitia custōs + -ia → custōdia
-ία • (-ía) f
added to an adjective to create a noun denoting a country:
Γάλλος (Gállos, “French”) + -ία (-ía) → Γαλλία (Gallía, “France”)
Τούρκος (Toúrkos, “Turk”) + -ία (-ía) → Τουρκία (Tourkía, “Turkey”)
Άγγλος (Ánglos, “English”) + -ία (-ía) → Αγγλία (Anglía, “England”)
-ῐ́ᾱ
FEMININE ABSTRACT NOUN
Added to stems of adjectives, or rarely to the stems of verbs, to form feminine abstract nouns.
-ῐ́ᾱ • (-íā) f (genitive -ῐ́ᾱς); first declension
- ion
- tion
NOUN OF ACTION - ONE WHO ACTS
THE RESULT OF AN ACTION
From Latin suffix -iō (genitive -iōnis), appended to a perfect passive participle to form a noun of action.
-ion (non-productive) an action or process, or the result of an action or process fermentation, indentation, consumption (non-productive) a state or condition intoxication
- ation
- atio
PROCESS NOUN
An action or process hibernation The result of an action or process accumulation A state or quality exhilaration
-atio
FORNS NOUNS OF ACTION OR RESULT
(Vulgar Latin) Form of -tiō appended to nouns
gradus + -ātiō → gradātiō
cor + -ātiō → *corātiō
-tiō f (genitive -tiōnis); third declension
-tion, -ation, -ing; used to form a noun relating to some action or the result of an action.
dictātiō (“a dictating, dictation”), from dictātum, supine of dictō (“I dictate”)
quadripartītiō (“a division into four parts”), from quadripartītum, supine of quadripartiō (“I divide in four parts”)
in-
capable of, fit for, fit to be
en-
Originally from Old French en- (also an-), from Latin in- (“in, into”); but also from an alteration of in-, from Middle English in-, from Old English in- (“in, into”), from Proto-Germanic *in (“in”). Both the Latin and the Germanic forms are from Proto-Indo-European *en (“in, into”). Intensive use of Old French en-, an- is due to confluence with Frankish *an- (intensive prefix), related to Old English on- (intensive prefix). More at in-, on-.
Prefix Edit
en-
in, into, on, onto
covered
caused
as an intensifier
un-
From Middle English un-, from Old English un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-. Cognate with Scots un-, on- (“un-”), North Frisian ün-, Saterland Frisian uun-, West Frisian ûn-, on-, Dutch on-, Low German un-, on-, German un-, Danish u-, Swedish o-, Norwegian u-, Icelandic ó-. More distant cognate with Latin in-, Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (whence English a-, modern Greek α- (a-)) and Sanskrit अ- (a-).
Doublet of in- and a-.
Prefix Edit
un-
(added to adjectives or past participles) not unannounced — “not being announced” uneducated — “not educated” unattractive — “not attractive” unconstitutional — “not constitutional” (added to nouns) absent; lacking; not; negative ungrace (“lack of grace, gracelessness”) unrest (“a lack of rest (peace); war”) unhope (“despair”) unfriend (“enemy”) unrepair unluck (“misfortune”) unnova uncertainty (“lack or absence of certainty”)
-st
Proto-Indo-European/ -st
*(ḗ)-st
Forms perfective verbs from roots.
-some
Handsome - loathsome - worksome
-sum
From Proto-Germanic *-samaz (“same as”). Akin to Old Frisian -sum, Old High German -sam, Old Norse -samr, Gothic -sams, -sama (“same as”), Old English sam (“whether”, “or”), Old English same.
-sum
SAME AS
characterized by some specific condition or quality; same as
-ῐ́ζω
VERBS
-ῐ́ζω • (-ízō)
Used to form verbs from nouns, adjectives and other verbs.
Used to form verbs from proper nouns of cities, demonyms, to denote:
-ῐ́ζω • (-ízō)
To be doing what the noun implies.
Or to adopt the cultural behaviors of a city.
Used to form verbs from nouns, adjectives and other verbs.
καθαρός - Clean, pure.
καθαρίζω - To be cleansing oneself.
-ee
RECIPIENT OF AN ACTION
-ee
word-forming element in legal English (and in imitation of it), representing the Anglo-French -é ending of past participles used as nouns (compare -y (3)). As these sometimes were coupled with agent nouns in -or, the two suffixes came to be used as a pair to denote the initiator and the recipient of an action.
-y (1)
PAST PARTICIPLE
-y (1)
noun suffix, in army, city, country, etc.,
from Old French -e,
Latin -atus, -atum,
past participle suffix of certain verbs, which in French came to be used to indicate “employment, office, dignity” (as in duché, clergié).
-y (2)
ADJECTIVE (characterized by)
-y (2)
adjective suffix, “full of or characterized by,” from Old English -ig,
from Proto-Germanic *-iga-
source also of Dutch, Danish, German -ig, Gothic -egs),
from PIE -(i)ko-, adjectival suffix, cognate with elements in
Greek -ikos, Latin -icus (see -ic).
Originally added to nouns in Old English; used from 13c. with verbs, and by 15c. even with other adjectives (for example crispy).
-y (4)
ABSTRACT NOUN (state, character, quality)
-y (4)
suffix indicating state, condition, or quality; also activity or the result of it (as in victory, history, etc.), via Anglo-French and Old French é, from Latin -ia, Greek -ia, from PIE *-a-, suffix forming abstract or collective nouns. It is etymologically identical with -ia and the second element in -cy, -ery, -logy, etc.
-ia
-ia
word-forming element in names of countries, diseases, and flowers, from Latin and Greek -ia, noun ending, in Greek especially used in forming abstract nouns (typically of feminine gender); see -a (1). The classical suffix in its usual evolution (via French -ie) comes to Modern English as -y (as in familia/family, also -logy, -graphy). Compare -cy.
-cy
Used to form nouns of state, condition or quality.
-cy
abstract noun suffix of quality or rank, from Latin -cia, -tia, from Greek -kia, -tia, from abstract ending -ia (see -ia) + stem ending -c- or -t-. The native correspondents are -ship, -hood.
-cy
(non-productive) Used to form nouns of state, condition or quality e.g. obstinacy.
(non-productive) Used to form nouns of rank or office e.g. abbacy.
In sense of a state, a condition, often replaces a terminal -t, as in pregnancy (from pregnant). Exceptions include normalcy (no terminal -t in normal) and bankruptcy (terminal -t in bankrupt retained).
-cy
(non-productive) Used to form nouns of state, condition or quality e.g. obstinacy.
(non-productive) Used to form nouns of rank or office e.g. abbacy.
-ship
ABSTRACT NOUN (quality or condition)
-ship
word-forming element meaning “quality, condition; act, power, skill; office, position; relation between,” Middle English -schipe, from Old English -sciepe, Anglian -scip “state, condition of being,” from Proto-Germanic *-skepi- (cognates: Old Norse -skapr, Danish -skab, Old Frisian -skip, Dutch -schap, German -schaft), from *skap- “to create, ordain, appoint,” from PIE root *(s)kep-, forming words meaning “to cut, scrape, hack” (see shape (v.)).
-hood
-hood
word-forming element meaning “state or condition of being,” from Old English -had “condition, quality, position” (as in cildhad “childhood,” preosthad “priesthood,” werhad “manhood”), cognate with German -heit/-keit, Dutch -heid, Old Frisian and Old Saxon -hed, all from Proto-Germanic *haidus “manner, quality,” literally “bright appearance,” from PIE (s)kai- (1) “bright, shining” (Cognates: Sanskrit ketu “brightness, appearance”). Originally a free-standing word (see hade); in Modern English it survives only in this suffix.
-ery
-ery
word-forming element making nouns meaning “place for, art of, condition of, quantity of,” from Middle English -erie, from Latin -arius (see -ary). Also sometimes in modern colloquial use “the collectivity of” or “an example of.”
-ary
-ary
adjective and noun word-forming element, in most cases from Latin -arius, -aria, -arium “connected with, pertaining to; the man engaged in,” from PIE relational adjective suffix *-yo- “of or belonging to.” The neuter of the adjectives in Latin also were often used as nouns (solarium “sundial,” vivarium, honorarium, etc.). It appears in words borrowed from Latin in Middle English. In later borrowings from Latin to French, it became -aire and passed into Middle English as -arie, subsequently -ary.
-μᾰ
-μᾰ • (-ma) n (genitive -μᾰτος); third declension
Added to verbal stems to form neuter nouns denoting the result of an action, a particular instance of an action, or the object of an action.
γράφω (gráphō, “write”) → γράμμα (grámma, “that which is written”)
σχίζω (skhízō, “divide”) → σχίσμα (skhísma, “that which is divided”)
ἀθλέω (athléō, “compete”) → ἄθλημα (áthlēma, “a contest”)
ἀθύρω (athúrō, “play”) → ἄθυρμα (áthurma, “a toy”)
-μα • (-ma) n
added to a verb form to create gerund and action nouns:
καπνίζω (kapnízo, “to smoke”) + -μα (-ma) → κάπνισμα (kápnisma, “smoking”)
ζεσταίνω (zestaíno, “to heat up”) + -μα (-ma) → ζέσταμα (zéstama, “warming up”)
τελειώνω (teleióno, “to end”) + -μα (-ma) → τελείωμα (teleíoma, “ending”)
ανοίγω (anoígo, “to open”) + -μα (-ma) → άνοιγμα (ánoigma, “opening”)
- ιμο
- ξιμο
- σιμο
- ψιμο
GERUND
-ιμο • (-imo) n
added to a verb form to create gerund nouns:
τρέχω (trécho, “to run”) + -ιμο (-imo) → τρέξιμο (tréximo, “running”)
φταίω (ftaío, “to be at fault”) + -ιμο (-imo) → φταίξιμο (ftaíximo, “blame”)
σφάζω (sfázo, “to slaughter”) + -ιμο (-imo) → σφάξιμο (sfáximo, “slaughter”)
ντύνω (dýno, “to dress”) + -ιμο (-imo) → ντύσιμο (dýsimo, “dressing”)
φτύνω (ftýno, “to spit”) + -ιμο (-imo) → φτύσιμο (ftýsimo, “spitting”)
γράφω (gráfo, “to write”) + -ιμο (-imo)
Noun Edit
γράψιμο • (grápsimo) n (plural γραψίματα)
writing (written letters or symbols that express some meaning)
hand (style of penmanship), handwriting.
Etymology Edit κλάνω (kláno, “to fart”) + -ιμο (-imo) Pronunciation Edit IPA(key): /ˈklasimo/ Hyphenation: κλά‧σι‧μο Noun Edit κλάσιμο • (klásimo) n (plural κλασίματα) (colloquial, vulgar) farting (the act of farting) Το κλάσιμο μπροστά στους άλλους είναι αγενές. ― To klásimo brostá stous állous eínai agenés. ― Farting in front of others is rude.
Etymology Edit ντύνω (dýno, “to dress”) + -ιμο (-imo) Noun Edit ντύσιμο • (dýsimo) n (plural ντυσίματα) outfit, clothing, rig out upholstery, covering
πλέκω (pléko, “to knit”) + -ιμο (-imo) Noun Edit πλέξιμο • (pléximo) n (plural πλεξίματα) knitting (the process and activity) της αρέσει το πλέξιμο (she likes knitting)
Etymology Edit
πλένω (pléno, “to wash”) + -ιμο (-imo)
Pronunciation Edit IPA(key): /ˈplisimo/ Hyphenation: πλύ‧σι‧μο Noun Edit πλύσιμο • (plýsimo) n (plural πλυσίματα) washing, cleaning (using water, etc to clean something)
Etymology Edit
πρήζω (prízo, “to swell, to bloat”) + -ιμο (-imo)
Pronunciation Edit
IPA(key): /ˈpɾiksimo/
Hyphenation: πρή‧ξι‧μο
Noun Edit
πρήξιμο • (príximo) n (plural πρηξίματα)
swelling, edema (abnormally swollen part of the body)
Έχει πρήξιμο στο πρόσωπο από τσίμπημα σφήκας. ― Échei príximo sto prósopo apó tsímpima sfíkas. ― He has a swelling on the face from a wasp sting.
σφάζω (sfázo, “to slaughter”) + -ιμο (-imo)
Noun Edit
σφάξιμο • (sfáximo) n (plural σφαξίματα)
slaughter (of animal)
Etymology Edit
φέρομαι (féromai, “to behave a certain way”) + -ιμο (-imo)
Noun Edit
φέρσιμο • (férsimo) n (plural φερσίματα)
manner, behaviour (UK), behavior (US), demeanour (UK), demeanor (US)
- σῐς
- τις
FORMS ABSTRACT NOUNS FROM VERBS
-σῐς
(Abstract noun resulting from a previous action)
Added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process
-τις • (-tis) Earlier form of of -σις (Abstract noun resulting from a previous action) Retained after dentals δ, θ, σ, τ. *πιθ-τις > πῐ́στῐς (pístis) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-σῐς • (-sis) f (genitive -σεως or -σῐος or -σηος); third declension
Added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process.
_______________________________
-σῐς
Forms abstract Nouns from verbs.
-τις
Proto-Indo-European/-tis
*(é)-tis f
Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots.
__________________________
θάλψις
From θάλπω (thálpō, “to warm up, to heat”) + -σῐς (-sis).
θάλψῐς • (thálpsis) f (genitive θάλψεως); third declension
A warming, a fomenting.
A cherishing.
σέβομαι • (sébomai)
to feel awe or fear before God, especially when about to do something disgraceful; to feel shame, religious awe.
σέβασῐς • (sébasis) f (genitive σεβάσεως); third declension
reverence.
μᾰσάομαι • (masáomai)
to chew.
μάσησις (másēsis, “chewing”)
αἰνέω • (ainéō) (poetic, Ionic)
(transitive) I tell of, speak of.
αἴνεσῐς • (aínesis) f (genitive αἰνέσεως); third declension
praise.
δάκνω • (dáknō) to bite. δῆξῐς • (dêxis) f (genitive δήξεως); third declension bite, biting mental anguish biting joke
-τις
-τις • (-tis)
Earlier form of of -σις (-sis), retained after dentals δ, θ, σ, τ
*πιθ-τις > πῐ́στῐς (pístis)
From πείθω (peíthō, “I persuade”) + -τις (-tis).
πῐ́στῐς • (pístis) f (genitive πῐ́στεως or πῐ́στῐος); third declension
trust in others, faith
belief in a higher power, faith
the state of being persuaded of something: belief, confidence, assurance
trust in a commercial sense: credit
faithfulness, honesty, trustworthiness, fidelity
that which gives assurance: treaty, oath, guarantee
means of persuasion: argument, proof
that which is entrusted
-ate
-ate
Characterized by the quality or property.
(in adjectives) having the specified thing
lobate — “having lobes”
(in adjectives) characterized by the specified thing
Italianate — “characterized by Italian features”
(in adjectives) resembling the specified thing
palmate — “resembling the palm”
(in nouns) a thing characterised by the specified thing
apostate — “one who is characterized by dissent”
(in nouns) a rank or office
rabbinate — “the office of a rabbi”
(chemistry, in nouns) a derivative of a specified element or compound; especially a salt or ester of an acid whose name ends in -ic
acetate — “a salt or ester of acetic acid”
(in verbs) to act in the specified manner
formulate — “to act by putting (something) in a formula”
-ātus m (feminine -āta, neuter -ātum); first/second declension
-ed, -ate, -like. Used to form adjectives from nouns indicating the possession of a thing or a quality.
barba (“beard”) → barbātus (“bearded, having a beard”)
rēticulum (“small net”) → rēticulātus (“reticulated, net-like”)
albus (“white”) → albātus (“clothed in white”)
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-ate (1)
word-forming element used in forming nouns from Latin words ending in -atus, -atum (such as estate, primate, senate). Those that came to English via Old and Middle French often arrived with -at, but an -e was added after c. 1400 to indicate the long vowel. The suffix also can mark adjectives formed from Latin past participals in -atus, -ata (such as desolate, moderate, separate); again, they often were adopted in Middle English as -at, with an -e appended after c. 1400.
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-ate (2)
verbal suffix for Latin verbs in -are, identical with -ate (1). Old English commonly made verbs from adjectives by adding a verbal ending to the word (such as gnornian “be sad, mourn,” gnorn “sad, depressed”), but as the inflections wore off English words in late Old and early Middle English, there came to be no difference between the adjective and the verb in dry, empty, warm, etc. Thus accustomed to the identity of adjectival and verbal forms of a word, the English, when they began to expand their Latin-based vocabulary after c. 1500, simply made verbs from Latin past-participial adjectives without changing their form (such as aggravate, substantiate) and it became the custom that Latin verbs were Englished from their past participle stems.
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-ate (3)
in chemistry, word-forming element used to form the names of salts from acids in -ic; from Latin -atus, -atum, suffix used in forming adjectives and thence nouns; identical with -ate (1).
The substance formed, for example, by the action of acetic acid (vinegar) on lead was described in the 18th century as plumbum acetatum, i.e. acetated lead. Acetatum was then taken as a noun meaning “the acetated (product),” i.e. acetate. [W.E. Flood, “The Origins of Chemical Names,” London, 1963]
-ātus
-ātus m (feminine -āta, neuter -ātum); first/second declension
-ed, -ate, -like. Used to form adjectives from nouns indicating the possession of a thing or a quality.
barba (“beard”) → barbātus (“bearded, having a beard”)
rēticulum (“small net”) → rēticulātus (“reticulated, net-like”)
albus (“white”) → albātus (“clothed in white”)
-tūs
-tus m (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second declension
Forms the past participle of verbs.
Forms adjectives having the sense provided with.
iūs (“law, legality; equity, the right, justice”) → iūstus (“lawful, legal; equitable, rightful, just”)
onus (“a burden or load, especially one excessive in magnitude”) → onustus (“heavily laden”, “burdened”, “overencumbered by a load”)
Usage notes Edit
The stem may be modified in some unpredictable ways when this suffix is attached:
A stem-final b or g is devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel and g, this vowel is lengthened. A stem-final qu is also delabialised, giving c.
agō (“lead”) + -tus → āctus
scrībō (“write”) + -tus → scrīptus
coquō (“cook”) + -tus → coctus
The stem may be modified in some unpredictable ways when this suffix is attached:
A stem-final b or g is devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel and g, this vowel is lengthened. A stem-final qu is also delabialised, giving c.
agō (“lead”) + -tus → āctus
scrībō (“write”) + -tus → scrīptus
coquō (“cook”) + -tus → coctus
A stem-final v behaves differently depending on which Proto-Italic consonant it developed from. If it developed from Proto-Italic w, it becomes u (forming a diphthong or long ū), and if it developed from gʷ, it becomes c.
A stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is then simplified to -sus when not preceded by a short vowel.
cadō (“fall”) + -tus → cāsus
A stem-final rg also fuses with the t, giving -rsus.
mergō (“plunge”) + -tus → mersus
A stem final ll or rr sometimes fuses with the t, to -lsus and -rsus respectively.
currō (“run”) + -tus → cursus
When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the final vowel of the stem may be retained or dropped. It’s retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes i for many 2nd conjugation verbs:
errō (errā-) (“wander”) + -tus → errātus
moneō (“warn”) + -tus → monitus.
habitus m (feminine habita, neuter habitum); first/second declension
retained, maintained, having been maintained
(by extension) well-kept; stout, fleshy, burly
Inflection.
From Latin habitus (“habit”), from habeō (“have; maintain”).
habitus m (plural habitussen)
manner, behaviour.
From Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots). Cognate with Latin -tus, as in habitus (“demeanor”).
Proto-Indo-European/-tus
*(é)-tus m
Derives action nouns from verb roots.
-τῡ́ς
-τῡ́ς • (-tū́s) m (genitive -τῠ́ος); third declension.
Suffix forming nouns of action.
Exp. (eat)= eating.
From the root of ἔδω (édō), Epic form of ἐσθίω (esthíō, “eat”), + -τύς (-tús, suffix for noun of action).
ἐδητῡ́ς • (edētū́s) m (genitive ἐδητῠ́ος); third declension (Epic)
food, or eating.
Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂tos
*-eh₂tos
Forms adjectives from nouns, indicating the possession of a thing or a quality.
Proto-Indo-European/-tós
Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems.
From *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, to give birth”) + *-tós.
*ǵn̥h₁tós (non-ablauting)
begotten, produced.
Proto-Indo-European/h₁itós *h₁ey- (imperfective) to go *h₁itós (non-ablauting) passable.
From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) + *-tós.
*bʰidtós (non-ablauting)
split, cloven.
Proto-Indo-European/ bʰudʰtós From *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”) + *-tós. *bʰudʰtós (non-ablauting) aware. Proto-Indo-European/bʰewdʰ- to be awake, be aware. Compare Greek - πῠνθάνομαι • (punthánomai) I learn.
Proto-Indo-European/ dh₃tós
*deh₃- (“give”) + *-tós
*dh₃tós
given.
-τήρ
-τήρ was • (-tḗr) m (genitive -τῆρος); third declension
Added to verb stems to form masculine agent nouns
δίδωμι - give
δωτήρ - giver
καθίημι - descend
ἵστημι - stand, in balance
στατήρ - a weight
δίδωμι (dídōmi, “(δω-, weak stem δο- to give”) + -τήρ (-tḗr) → δωτήρ, δοτήρ (dōtḗr, dotḗr, “a giver”)
καθίημι (kathíēmi, “to let down, descend”) + -τήρ (-tḗr) → καθετήρ (kathetḗr, “anything let down into”)
κλύζω (klúzō, “to wash, cleanse”) + -τήρ (-tḗr) → κλυστήρ (klustḗr, “a clyster-pipe, syringe”)
ἵστημι (hístēmi, “(weak stem στα- to stand”) + -τήρ (-tḗr) → στατήρ (statḗr, “a weight”)
χαράσσω (kharássō, “(χαράκ-j- to engrave”) + -τήρ (-tḗr) → χαρακτήρ (kharaktḗr, “an engraver”)
- ice
- ise
- ize
the doing of the noun or adjective to which it is attached.
word-forming element used to make verbs, Middle English -isen, from Old French -iser, from Late Latin -izare, from Greek -izein, a verb-forming element denoting the doing of the noun or adjective to which it is attached.
Cowardice Advertise Supervise Devise Chastise Jaundice
-ῐ́ᾱ
Added to stems of adjectives, or rarely to the stems of verbs, to form feminine abstract nouns.
Example
From ἐλεύθερος (“free”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-dom)
ἐλευθερία = Freedom, liberty
-ία • (-ía) f
added to an adjective to create a noun denoting a country:
Γάλλος (Gállos, “French”) + -ία (-ía) → Γαλλία (Gallía, “France”)
Τούρκος (Toúrkos, “Turk”) + -ία (-ía) → Τουρκία (Tourkía, “Turkey”)
Άγγλος (Ánglos, “English”) + -ία (-ía) → Αγγλία (Anglía, “England”)
-ālis
Forms Adjectives from Nouns
-ālis m, f (neuter -āle); third declension
Used to form adjectives of relationship from nouns or numerals.
The suffix -ālis is added to a noun or numeral to form an adjective of relationship to that noun.
Examples:
duo (“two”) + -alis → duālis (“that contains two”)
nātūra (“nature”) + -alis → nātūrālis (“natural”)
rēx (“king, ruler”) + -alis → rēgālis (“regal, royal”)
-āris
Forms Adjectives from Nouns
-āris m, f (neuter -āre); third declension
Used to form an adjective, usually from a noun, indicating a relationship or a pertaining to.
Usage notes Edit
The suffix -āris is added to a noun to form an adjective of relationship to that noun.
Examples:
mīlitāris (“military, of a soldier”),
from mīles (“soldier”)
oculāris (“ocular, of the eye”), from oculus (“eye”)
sōlāris (“solar, of the sun”),
from sōl (“sun”)
If the root word or its stem does not contain an l, then the form -ālis generally is used instead. Sometimes both forms are found, e.g. līneālis and līneāris, from līnea (“line”).
-τος
Forms verbal adjectives of possibility.
-τος • (-tos) m, f (neuter -τον); second declension
Creates verbal adjectives of possibility, either active or passive (accented on the ultima, -τός)
-τος • (-tos) m, f (neuter -τον); second declension
Creates verbal adjectives of possibility, either active or passive (accented on the ultima, -τός) δύναμαι > δυνατός dúnamai > dunatós can > able (active), doable (passive) διαλῡ́ω > διαλυτός dialū́ō > dialutós dissolve > dissoluble Creates perfective passive verbal adjectives (usually accented recessively) διαλῡ́ω > διάλυτος dialū́ō > diálutos dissolve > dissolved Forms adjectives from nouns (accented recessively) δάκρυ > ἀ-δάκρυτος dákru > a-dákrutos tear > tearless
From θαυμάζω (thaumázō, “to admire, be surprised at”) + -τος (-tos, adjective suffix).
δύναμαι > δυνατός dúnamai > dunatós can > able (active), doable (passive) διαλῡ́ω > διαλυτός dialū́ō > dialutós dissolve > dissoluble Creates perfective passive verbal adjectives (usually accented recessively) διαλῡ́ω > διάλυτος dialū́ō > diálutos dissolve > dissolvable Forms adjectives from nouns (accented recessively) δάκρυ > δάκρυτος dákru > a-dákrutos tear > tearable
-θεν
FROM THERE - (ADVERB)
-θεν • (-then)
-θεν
Added to nouns to form adverbs of place-
“from which”. “from”
also used, like genitive, “with”
____________________________
ἄνωθεν
From above
ᾰ̓́λλοθεν • (állothen)
from another place.
ἐκεῖθεν
From there
from that place, thence.
From ἐκεῖ (ekeî, “there”) + -θεν (-then)
νειόθεν • (neióthen)
(Ionic) from the bottom
οἴκοθεν • (oíkothen)
from home
ποθεν • (pothen) (enclitic)
from where, from somewhere
ἁμόθεν • (hamóthen)
from some place or time
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Ancient Greek words suffixed with -θεν
Recent additions to the category ἄλλοθεν πρόσθεν ἐγγύθεν ἑτέρωθεν ἀπάνευθε ὅθεν ποθεν ἁμόθεν νειόθεν πόθεν Oldest pages ordered by last edit νειόθεν πόθεν οἴκοθεν ὄπισθεν ἐκεῖθεν ἕωθεν ἁμόθεν ποθεν ὅθεν ἐγγύθεν
- δε
- ζε
TO - TOWARDS
Forms Adverbs of motion - to, towards.
-δε • (-de)
Added to a noun, usually in the accusative case, to form an adverb of motion towards:
to, for …; …-wards
Ἀθήνας (Athḗnas), accusative of Ἀθῆναι (Athênai, “Athens”)... \+ -δε (-de). Ἀθήναζε • (Athḗnaze) to Athens
Ἀθῆναι
Ἀθήνασ > Athens
Ἀθήναζε > to Athens
φυγή > φύγᾰδε
flight > to flight
-σιν
IN - AT
Forms Adverbs of place or position - (at, in)
Ἀθήνησιν > at Athens, in Athens
- ίᾱ
- ϊκή
SHE IS AN ATHENIAN
Ἀθηναίᾱ
είναι αθηναϊκή
Forms - Female inhabitant of Athens.
Forms Nominative or Vocative declension
Ἀθηναίᾱ • (Athēnaíā) f (genitive Ἀθηναίᾱς); first declension
Athena is a beautiful city.
Athena! My homeland.
Αθηναία • (Athinaía) f (plural Αθηναίες, masculine Αθηναίος or Αθηνιώτης)
Athenian (female citizen or inhabitant of Athens)
Ἀθηναῖος - “Athenian” of or relating to Athens.
Ἀθῆναι - “Athens” Nominative 1st declension.
τῶν Ἀθηνῶν - Genitive P. The Athenians’ city.
____________________________
He came from Athens.
ήρθε από την Αθήνα
He went to Athens.
πήγε στην Αθήνα.
- ίος
- ϊκός
HE IS AN ATHENIAN
Αθηναίος
είναι αθηναϊκός
Forms - Male inhabitant of Athens.
Forms Nominative or Vocative declension
Αθηναίος • (Athinaíos) m (plural Αθηναίοι, feminine Αθηναία or Αθηνιώτισσα)
Athenian (male citizen or inhabitant of Athens)
-ίοι
Forms - Masculine plural inhabitants of…
Αθηναίοι • (Athinaíoi) m
Nominative plural form of Αθηναίος (Athinaíos).
Vocative plural form of Αθηναίος (Athinaíos).
-ίᾳ
Forms Dative declension
τῇ Ἀθηναίᾳ
John is a citizen of Athenia.
-ίᾱν
Forms Accusative declension
τὴν Ἀθηναίᾱν
John is an Athenian.
-ϊκός
Of or pertaining to…(masculine)
He is an Athenian alumni.
αθηναϊκός • (athinaïkós) m (feminine αθηναϊκή, neuter αθηναϊκό)
Athenian, pertaining to Athens, Greece
Η παλιά αθηναϊκή σχολή
The old Athenian School
-ϊκή
Of or pertaining to… (feminine)
She is an Athenian alumni.
αθηναϊκή • (athinaïkí)
Nominative singular feminine form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós).
Accusative singular feminine form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós).
Vocative singular feminine form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós).
-ϊκό
Of or pertaining to…(neuter)
It was part of the Athenian school curriculum.
αθηναϊκό • (athinaïkó)
Accusative singular masculine form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós).
Nominative singular neuter form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós).
Accusative singular neuter form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós).
Vocative singular neuter form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós).
-σκω
TO DO (the noun)
*(Ø)-sḱéti
Forms durative or iterative imperfective verbs from roots.
but with the inchoative suffix -σκω
Inchoative suffix -σκω
Ongoing verb. Incomplete verb. Iterative verb. Durative verb. Repetitive verb. Habitual verb. Perpetual verb. Cyclic verb.
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εὕρηκᾰ - find
βρίσκω - to search, to discover.
εὑρίσκω - To find, to discover,
To happen by chance.
πᾰ́θη - suffering, misfortune, happens to…
πᾰ́θος - pain, suffering, death, misery, calamity.
πᾰ́σχω - to undergo a process of suffering.
ἔπᾰθον - I or they suffered.
πένθος - grief, sorrow, mourning, misery.
______________________________
Present Tense Incomplete Becoming
Primitive suffix used to form present-tense stems, very rarely associated with the inchoative meaning of becoming.
ἀρέσκω • (aréskō)
to please, satisfy
to make amends
Possibly from αἴρω (aírō) with inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō)
αἴρω • (aírō) (Attic)
Contracted form of ἀείρω (aeírō, “to lift, remove”)
πᾰ́σχω • (páskhō)
to undergo, experience (as opposed to acting)
(with another person involved) have someone do something to oneself, to be treated a certain way by someone (with ὑπό (hupó) and genitive, sometimes with adverb of manner)
(in a negative sense) suffer at someone’s hands.
(law) to suffer a punishment.
(without a person involved) to experience something, have something happen to one, undergo something
to be in a certain situation (with adverb of manner)
to feel an emotion or impulse
(in negative sense) suffer
to be ill or injured in a certain way (with accusative of part affected)
εὑρίσκω • (heurískō)
I happen upon by chance, find
I find out, discover
I acquire, fetch, obtain.
θνῄσκω • (thnḗiskō)
I die; (aorist and perfect) I am dead.
χᾰ́σκω • (kháskō)
to yawn, gape, open wide.
τῐτρώσκω • (titrṓskō)
to harm, hurt.
μῐμνήσκω • (mimnḗskō)
(active)
(transitive) To remind [+accusative and genitive = someone of something], put in mind.
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ἀρέσκω
Upward, Lofty - (To please)
μῐμνήσκω Mind a (to mind, to remember)
ἁλίσκομαι
From *welh₃-
To hit, strike. - (to be captured)
πάσχω
From παθ- (patho- / -gen)
πᾰ́θη
(in neutral sense) what is done or what happens to a person.
(in negative sense) suffering, misfortune.
(Generally) All that had happened to him.
From πᾰ́σχω (páskhō, “to undergo”) + -η (-ē).
From *bʰendʰ- to bind, bond
From PIE Root *kʷendʰ-
πᾰ́θη - a happening (“to suffer, to endure”)
πᾰ́σχω
TO SUFFER - UNDER GO TRIAL
πᾰ́σχω • (páskhō)
to undergo, experience (as opposed to acting)
(with another person involved) have someone do something to oneself, to be treated a certain way by someone (with ὑπό (hupó) and genitive, sometimes with adverb of manner)
(in a negative sense) suffer at someone’s hands.
(law) to suffer a punishment.
(without a person involved) to experience something, have something happen to one, undergo something
to be in a certain situation (with adverb of manner)
to feel an emotion or impulse
(in negative sense) suffer
to be ill or injured in a certain way (with accusative of part affected)
μῐμνήσκω
REMIND - PUT IN MIND - CALL TO MIND
μῐμνήσκω • (mimnḗskō)
(active)
(transitive) To remind [+accusative and genitive = someone of something], put in mind.
From Proto-Indo-European *mn̥-eh₂-sḱe-, from the root *men- with inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō). Cognates include... μνάομαι (mnáomai, “to be mindful”), Sanskrit अम्नासिषु (amnāsiṣu), मम्नौ (mamnau).
*men-[1]
to think, mind
spiritual activity
μνάομαι
TO BE MNDFUL
μνάομαι • (mnáomai)
to be mindful, remember, come (have) in remembrance
to woo, court
From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”).
Compare μαίνομαι (maínomai),
μιμνήσκω (mimnḗskō),
as well as Sanskrit मन्यते (mányate),
Old Church Slavonic мьнѣти (mĭněti) and Lithuanian miniu.
ἀρέσκω
TO MAKE AMENDS
ἀρέσκω • (aréskō)
to please, satisfy
to make amends
Possibly from αἴρω (aírō) with inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō)
αἴρω • (aírō) (Attic)
Contracted form of ἀείρω (aeírō, “to lift, remove”)
ἁλίσκομαι
TO BE CAPTURED
ἁλίσκομαι • (halískomai)
to be captured.
From Proto-Indo-European *welh₃-.[1]
Later came to have the inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō).
*welh₃
to hit, to strike.
Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to hit”). Cognate with Latin vellō.
vulnus n (genitive vulneris); third declension wound, injury.
Latin vellō (present infinitive vellere, perfect active vulsī or vellī, supine vulsum); third conjugation
I pluck out (feathers etc)
I depilate
I pull or tear down; I demolish.
From Late Latin vulnerābilis (“injurious, wounding”), from Latin vulnerō (“I wound”).
διδάσκω
TO TRIAN - TEACH
διδάσκω • (didáskō)
I teach, instruct, train
Synonym: παιδεύω (paideúō)
Causative reduplication of ἐδάην (edáēn, “learned, taught”, aorist; not attested in the present) with inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō), from Proto-Hellenic *di-dəs-skō, from Proto-Indo-European *dens- (“to use mental force”).
παιδεύω
EDUCATE A CHILD
παιδεύω • (paideúō)
I raise, bring up a child.
I train, teach, educate.
I chasten, discipline, punish a child.
