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Fall 22: micro > Test 1: bacillus > Flashcards

Test 1: bacillus Flashcards

1
Q

___ are gram positive rods families that form spores

A

bacillus
clostridium

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2
Q

___ are gram positive rods that do not form spores and are regular shaped and staining

A

listeria

erysipelothrix

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3
Q

what are two species of bacillus

A

Bacillus cereus

bacillus anthracis

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4
Q
A

Bacillus anthracis

(gram + rod, forms spores, catalase +)

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5
Q

bacillus are gram ___ ___ shaped bacteria.

A

positive rod shaped

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6
Q

bacillus are obligate ___ or facultative ___

A

aerobes

anaerobes

(gram + rods, catalase +)

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7
Q

bacillus are catalase positive or negative

A

positive

(gram + rods, form spores)

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8
Q

when do bacillus anthracis form spores

A

all conditions except in the living body → where it grows and multiplies

37 degrees Celcius

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9
Q

what two virulence factors keep anthrax alive inside the body

A

polypeptide capsule

exotoxins

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods that form spores)

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10
Q

3 types of anthrax

A

cutaneous – spores enter through skin, black sore-eschar; least dangerous

pulmonary –inhalation of spores

gastrointestinal – ingested spores

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11
Q

what type of anthrax has the highest survival rate?

A

cutaneous anthrax

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods that form spores)

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12
Q

the capsule around anthrax allows for ___

A

antiphagocytic → prevents host cell from eating it

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods that form spores)

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13
Q

explain how inhaled anthrax kills

A

In haled anthrax is particularly deadly. Although the spores are dormant when breathed in, they germinate when exposed to a warm, moist environment, such as the lungs. Not all particles are small enough to pass into the alveoli, or air sacs, but those that do begin to multiply and may spread to the lymphatic system. When the spores germinate in the lymph nodes, several toxins are released.

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods that form spores)

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14
Q

___ are the primary hosts for anthrax

___ are the accidental hosts

A

herbivores (cows)

humans ( caused by eating or touching infected host)

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15
Q

why does anthrax survive well in tropical climates

A

goes through phases of sporulation and vegetative growth with the dry and wet seasons

alkaline soils, with high nitrogen levels (decaying vegetation)

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16
Q

symptoms of anthrax in ruminants

A

Typical presentation is septicemia

Symptoms:

  • Sudden onset
  • High fever, bleeding from body openings
  • Edema
  • Peracute death in 1-2h, acute in <24 h

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods, that form spores)

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17
Q

symptoms of anthrax in horses

A

colic, edematous swellings of the throat, neck, shoulders

(bacillus anthracis, gram + rods, that form spores)

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18
Q

anthrax life cycle

A
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19
Q

prevention of anthrax

A

vaccinations

cull sick animals

proper PPE

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20
Q

how to diagnose inhalation anthrax

A

Xay

gram stain blood and culture → gram + rods

ELISA and immunohistology testin

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21
Q

what drugs treat anthrax

A

penicillin (beta lactam → attack cell wall)

tetracycline/chloramphenicol → (MCAT: inhibit protein synthesis → broad spectrum against weird bugs)

erythromycine/clindamicine → (MCAT: Lincosamide: inhibit protein synthesis- anaerobic growth)

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22
Q

anthrax capsule is made of ___

A

S-layer increases resistance to complement attack

capsule made of D-glutatmate that is antiphagocytic

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23
Q

anthrax capsule made of ___ that is antiphagocytic

A

D-glutatmate

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24
Q

what are the three components of anthrax toxin

A

protective antigen

edema factor

lethal factor

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25
Expression of anthrax's virulent factors is regulated by host \_\_\_
temperature and carbon dioxide concentration
26
how does anthrax kill
anthrax spore will invade macrophage cell (capsule protects it from being eaten) it will grow and release toxins into the host **Protective antigen** will bind to a cell and act as docking station for **edema factor and lethal factor** **edema factor** will inhibit immune response and decrease activity of macrophages **lethal factor:** is an enzyme that inhibits macrophage signaling and causes rapid pro inflammatory cell death
27
**Protective antigen**
will bind to a cell and act as docking station for **edema factor and lethal factor** toxin made by anthrax
28
**edema factor**
will inhibit immune response and decrease activity of macrophages toxin made by anthrax
29
**lethal factor:**
is an enzyme that inhibits macrophage signaling and causes rapid pro inflammatory cell death
30
what drug is used to treat inhalation anthrax
ciprifloxacin
31
what gene encodes for protective antigen in anthrax?
pOX1 (plasmid) → also encodes for edema factor and lethal factor Bacillus anthracis (gram + rod, forms spores)
32
what does pOX1 code for
encode Protective Antigen (PA), Edema Factor, Lethal Factor Bacillus anthracis (gram + rods, form spores)
33
what does pOX2 plasmid encode for?
encodes capsule – D-glutamate residues, antiphagocytic capsule Bacillus anthracis (gram + rods, produce spores)
34
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie can be small gram + rods or filamentous if smooth colonies are stained
35
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie can be small gram + rods or filamentous if rough colonies are stained
36
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie has ___ hemolysis
alpha → greenish/ incomplete coagulase + gram + rod/filamentous non spore forming
37
\_\_\_\_ is a gram + rod that is pathogenic in swine and poultry
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie non spore forming
38
how do animals shed Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie
urine, feces, saliva ect can survive in alkaline soil (exogenous source of infection) can also be found on scales of fresh and salt water fish (gram + rod, non spore forming)
39
3 forms of swine erysipelas
Acute septicemic. subacute septicemic chronic form
40
acute septicemic
swine erysipelas → caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie (gram + rod, no spores) - Sudden occurrence of **high fever** associated with **endotoxin and peptidoglycan.** - Clinical signs include **inappetence,** depression, conjunctivitis, vomiting, that will lead to coma and death. - **Hemorrhagic (ulcers) mucosa of stomach** and small intestine are observed.
41
subacute septicemic
swine erysipelas → caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie (gram + rod, no spores) Many develop pathognomonic urticarial lesions **(Rhomboidal or diamond skin disease). -** Necrosis of defined areas of the skin which will peel off to leave an ulcer
42
subacute septicemic swine erysipelas → caused by **Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie** (gram + rod, no spores) **diamond skin disease**
43
Chronic form of swine erysipelas
vegetative endocarditis with or without non suppurative erosive arthritis swine erysipelas → caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie (gram + rod, no spores)
44
what happens to birds with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie
turkeys are most susceptible to infection leading to sudden death with high mortality. Pathology characterized by diarrhea, massive petechial hemorrhages, **gut filled with blood.** gram + rod, no spores
45
what age pigs are susceptible to erysipelas
3-18 months old
46
what happens to calves and lambs with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie
Cause polyarthritis in 2 to 3 month old. Wound infection is the mode of transmission. (gram + rod with no spores)
47
what antibiotic for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie
penicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin
48
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie is resistant to \_\_\_
kanamycin & sulfadimethoxazine. (gram + rod, no spores)
49
antiserum for E. rhusiopathiae is effective \_\_\_
both prophylactically and therapeutically
50
EVA
Erysipelas vaccine avirulent (EVA) or glyco-lipoprotein- containing vaccines are effective. vaccine for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie (gram + rod, no spores)
51
\_\_\_ is the major cause of food borne disease
listeria | (gram + rod, no spores)
52
listeria causes \_\_\_
non-enteric damage (meningitis, septicemia and abortion) fatal 20-30% (gram + short rod, no spores)
53
Of the seven listeria species, only ___ affects humans
L. monocytogenes
54
\_\_\_ is common in soil, decaying vegetation, fecal flora of many mammals (including 15% of healthy adults)
listeria
55
\_\_\_ is found in raw vegetables, raw milk, fish, poultry, meats, esp. deli meats (15-70%)
listeria
56
\_\_\_ : grows at low temperature
psychrotropic listeria can grow at 4 degree Celsius (in the fridge)
57
listeria prefer to grow in what conditions
aerobic/ faculative anaerobic 37 (0-42) resistant to low pH, high sodium (in stomach)
58
what do listeria look like
gram + short rods non- sporulating no capsule
59
how do listeria get into cell
have surface protein **internalin** that binds to **E-cadherin** receptors on epithelial cells will cause zipper phagocytosis into the cell
60
listeria have surface protein ___ that binds to\_\_\_ receptors on epithelial cells
**internalin** **E-cadherin**
61
how do listeria spread from cell to cell
Listeria’s surface protein **“internalin”** interacts with **E- cadherin**, a receptor on epithelial cells → zipper phagocytosis **listeriolysin O** will break down endosome around listeria virulence factor **Act A** will take over **actin production** will use actin to propel/ break into neighboring cells
62
\_\_\_ lyses the phagolysosomal membrane around listeria inside a cell
Listeriolysin O
63
In cytoplasm, listeria bacteria divides approx. \_\_
every hour
64
Listeria uses virulence factor ___ to induce host cell actin polymerization
Act A
65
\_\_\_ propel the listeria bacteria to the host cell membrane.
Actin filaments
66
Listeria bacteria push against cell membrane to form \_\_\_
“filopods”.
67
Listeria has moved from cell to cell without being exposed to \_\_\_
antibodies, complement, or neutrophils.
68
if there is a double membrane vacuole around listeria that means \_\_\_
second cell
69
lifecycle of listeria
gram + short rod, no capsule, no spore
70
\_\_\_ can invades GI tract without erosive lesions
listeria
71
\_\_ can invade the cerebral cortex and placenta
listeria (gram + short rod, no spores, no capsule) travels inside cells, avoids detection
72
symptoms of listeria in human adults
Asymptomatic – Mild influenza-like illness – Gastrointestinal symptoms – **Meningitis** in immunocompromised patients/pregnant women – **Bacteremia**-fever/chills can be deadly in immunocompromised patients and neonates – **Preterm birth/abortion** – bacteria cross placental barrier and infect fetus – placental inflammation
73
symptoms of listeria in animals
Sheep, goats, and cattle most severely affected * Encephalitis, meningoencephalitis * Abortion, fetal damage, or stillbirths listeric mastitis
74
Approximately 4% of raw milk samples contain\_\_\_
**L. monocytogenes** (gram + short rods, no capsule, no spores) cause listeric mastitis
75
Neuromeningeal listeriosis in sheep
A - the syndrome is characterized by involuntary torticollis and **walking aimlessly in circles** as a result of brainstem lesions. B -In a further step of the infectious process, animals lie on the ground with evident signs of **uncoordination** (paddling movements) and cranial nerve paralysis (strabismus, salivation, etc.).
76
\_\_\_ and ___ can be used if other bacteria outgrow Listeria
Selective media and cold enrichment listeria can grow at low temps, other bacteria usually can not
77
\_\_\_ are selective agents for growth of listeria in a lab
lithium chloride moxalactam
78
what kind of hemolysis does listeria cause
beta hemolysis | (clear)
79
\_\_\_ is used to treat listeria
**penicillin, ampicillin** (beta lactam → attack cell wall) can be used in combo with **gentamycin**
80
\_\_\_– gram-positive (small slender rods on staining).
Erysipelothrix
81
subacute/septicemic form is associated with pathognomonic urticarial lesions (Rhomboidal or diamond skin disease). Necrosis of defined areas of the skin which will peel off to leave an ulcer.
Erysipelothrix – gram-positive (small slender rods on staining).
82
short gram-positive rods (appear similar to cocci)
listeria
83
\_\_\_ is a faculative intracellular pathogen – replicates within the host cell cytosol.
listeria
84
listeria use array of virulence factors to invade, escape from vacuole, and uses ____ to move within cytosol and spread from cell-to-cell
\*actin-based motility\*
85
what temp can listeria grow
0-42 | (can grow in the fridge)
86
what kind of foods grow listeria
raw vegetables, raw milk (4% of all raw milk supplies contain Listeria), fish, poultry, meats, esp. deli meats (15-70%).

Fall 22: micro (25 decks)

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