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Fall 22: micro > Test 2: positive sense RNA > Flashcards

Test 2: positive sense RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

positive sense RNA

A
  • RNA is infectious
  • first step is translation by host ribosomes to make viral proteins
  • will make - sense intermediate RNA
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2
Q

if the RNA virus is the same sense as the host mRNA then the viral RNA is —

A

positive sense
infectious
can undergo translation into proteins right away
to replicate must go through - sense intermediate

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3
Q

how does a + sense RNA virus replicate

A

positive is changed into a - sense intermediate RNA

positive copies are made from this

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4
Q

what is the initial event for negative sense RNA viruses

A

transcription

brings its own polymerase

change into a positive sense RNA that can be seen by host ribosomes to start translation into proteins

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5
Q

negative or positive sense RNA are not infectious

A

negative

need to be turned into + sense by transcrption first (turned into mRNA)

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6
Q

positive or negative sense RNA viruses bring their own polymerase?

A

negative sense

initial event → transcription into mRNA by viruses own RNA polymerase
not infectious
turned into + sense intermediate RNA

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7
Q

two types of picornaviruses

A

swine vesicular disease virus
foot and mouth disease virus

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8
Q

picornaviruses are —

A

positive sense
small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA

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9
Q

when picornaviruses enter a cell what happens?

A

positive sense RNA acts as mRNA and uses host ribosomes to make a polyprotein

host proteases come and cleave into structural and non structural proteins

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMDV, swine vessicular disease)CAP

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10
Q

the major problem with FMDV is the —

A

morbidity - cause sores/vesicles in mouth and on feet

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)CAP

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11
Q

tranmission of FMDV is by

A

aerosol inhalation and
eating of contaminated food.

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease) CAP

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12
Q

FMDV replicates in — causing a primary viremia by 24 hours.

A

pharynx

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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13
Q

symptoms of FMDV

A

salivation, slobbering.
Vesicles in mouth.
Vesicles and lesions on the feet → lameness.
Secondary bacterial infections are common.

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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14
Q

what are three FMD like viruses

A
  • Swine Vesicular Disease (picornavirus)
  • Vesicular Stomatitis (Rhabdovirus)
  • Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (Calicivirus).

foot and mouth disease virus- picornavirus- positive sense linear ssRNA

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15
Q

Rapid diagnosis of FMDV is most important so that —- procedures can begin.

A

quarantine and eradication

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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16
Q

samples of FMDV should be transported

A

frozen or in glycerol buffer at pH=7.6

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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17
Q

In countries where FMDV has been eliminated, a — epidemic can develop rapidly.

A

virgin soil

FMDV very stable in environment, very contagious

no vaccine in erradicated countries

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18
Q

FMDV is incredibly efficient at shutting down the host cell and producing up to — per infected cell within several hours after infection.

A

1 million virions

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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19
Q

when does FMDV virus begin to shed?

A

24 hours before onset of clinical signs

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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20
Q

Long distance spread of — can occur and is dependent on wind direction and speed, temperature, and humidity

A

FMDV

spread across english channel

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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21
Q

FMDV can survive in —- meats

A

frozen, cured, and partially cooked

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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22
Q

why does US not vaccinate for FMDV

A

false positive
erradiacated from USA
many different strains- might not be covered

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23
Q

Humans can act as — of FMD

A

physical carriers

on clothing, shoes, vehicles ect.

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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24
Q

symptoms of FMDV in humans

A

mild common cold or asymptomatic

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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25
Hand, foot and mouth disease in humans is caused by
coxasackie A virus | different virus from foot and mouth disease virus in cattle ## Footnote picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)
26
Caliciviruses are ---
positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA
27
4 caliciviruses are
* vesicular exanthema of swine→ FMDV look alike * San Miguel sea lion virus→cutaneous vesicular disease * Canine Calicivirus→ diarrhea * Feline Calicivirus→ URI ## Footnote Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA
28
vesicular exanthema of swine causes
FMDV look alike in pigs caused by feeding swine sea lion and seal meat containated with San Miguel sea lion virus | eradicated from the USA ## Footnote Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA
29
San miguel sea lion virus causes
cutaneous vesicular disease ## Footnote Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA
30
Canine calicivirus cause ---
diarrhea in dogs ## Footnote Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA
31
Feline Calicivirus cause ___
URI and mouth sores in domestic and wild cats recovered cats have persistant infection- very low levels of replication ## Footnote Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (VES, SMSLD,FC, CCV)
32
how is feline calicivirus different from feline herpesvirus 1
both cause URI and lesions in the mouth Feline Calicivirus- persistent infection- constantly producing very small amount of virus- can cause pneumonia in young cats Feline herpesvirus- periods of latency- just waiting- can cause blindness
33
Laboratory confirmation of FCV can be made by demonstration of--- in paired serum samples.
rising antibody titer | Feline Calicivirus (URI and oral ulcers) ## Footnote Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA
34
Feline calicivirus vaccination protects against ---, but does not prevent against ---.
clinical disease subclinical infection or a carrier state ## Footnote Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA
35
astroviridae are --- and cause ---
non enveloped, star like, linear + sense ssRNA viruses that cause mild GI upset can be serious in ducks transmitted fecal oral route no vaccine exists
36
---- can cause mild GI upset and can be serious disease in ducks.
astroviridae | transmitted by fecal oral route no vaccines exists
37
Flaviviridae are ---
small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm
38
Flaviviridae genus flavivirus are caused by
arthropod borne viruses | ex. yellow fever, dengue, west nile
39
Flaviviridae genus pestivirus are cause by
nonarthropod borne virus | bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
40
BVD
bovine virus diarrhea virus a flavivirus that is spread by contact and congenital cause persisitent infection, mucosal disease ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
41
Hog cholera virus cause
URI and congenital disease in pigs erradicated in USA | classical swine fever replicate in the tonsils ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
42
BVDV is seperated into what two genotypes
type 1 type 2 (rare but deadly) ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
43
genotypes of BVDV can be seperated into what two biotypes
cytopathic noncytopathic | Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
44
BVDV Type 2 has been associated with ---- syndrome
thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic | bovine viral diarrhea virus ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
45
BVDV can cause both --- infection as well as a protracted form of illness referred to as --- which arises from ---
acute mucosal disease persistent infection ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
46
chronic form of BVDV is called ---
mucosal disease | caused by persistent infection ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
47
---- animals continuously shed virus for life
persistent infection
48
persistent infection animals are often ---, since BVDV is immunosuppressive.
smaller and more prone to secondary bacterial infections ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
49
BVDV transmission occurs ---
both vertically and horizontally ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
50
symptoms of mucosal disease
fever, depression, anorexia, salivation, profuse, **watery diarrhea.** lesions in mouth and intestine low white blood cell count dehydrated die in 5-7 days ## Footnote caused by persistent infection of BVDV a Pestivirus (Flaviviridae)
51
animals with mucosal disease usually die in ---
5-7 days from dehydration from the lesions in the intestine and mouth that cause watery diarrhea ## Footnote caused by persistent infection of BVDV a Flavivirus
52
mucosal disease only arise from
persistent infection with BVDV(bovine viral diarrhea virus) ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
53
pathogenesis of BVDV
* mom infected with non-cytopathic BVDV * passes to fetus (early = aborts, 1-3 months = tolerant and unable to make antibodies) * cow becomes superinfected- either by outside cytopathic BVDV or BVDV inside cow mutates into cytopathic BVDV * develops Mucosal disease
54
how does cow become superinfected with BVDV
* baby born tolerant to BVDV * current virus mutates into cytopathic or * second infection by new cytopathic BVDV | develops Mucosal Disease
55
how to prevent herd infection by BVDV
monitoring for PI animals biosecurity vaccination ## Footnote Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
56
--- vaccines can be used in pregnant animals, but require regular boosters to maintain protection.
Killed ## Footnote Flavivirus, pestivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
57
--- is also called classical swine fever
Hog cholera virus ## Footnote Flaviviridae pestivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
58
hog cholera viruses can be transmitted
in infected meat products oronasal route to tonsils where the virus replicates ## Footnote Flavivirus, pestivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)
59
Hog Cholera appears to be restricted to ---- which has aided the strategy of eradication by many countries.
domestic swine
60
how is zika spread
spread across the placenta and can infect fetus transfusions sexually | arbovirus- mosquito
61
symptoms of zika virus
mild fever, headache, **red eyes**, skin rash, fatigue and joint pain
62
West nile virus is what type of virus
flavivirus ## Footnote Flaviviridae- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (pestivirus- BVD, hog cholera virus) (Flavivirus- west nile, dengue)
63
west nile is maintained in a --- cycle with humans as ---
bird- mosquito accidental/incedental host ## Footnote Flaviviridae- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (pestivirus- BVD, hog cholera virus) (Flavivirus- west nile, dengue)
64
WNV can cause ---- in equines and humans with clinical signs ranging from fever to death.
encephalitis ## Footnote Flaviviridae- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (pestivirus- BVD, hog cholera virus) (Flavivirus- west nile, dengue)
65
Severe cases of encephalitis from west nile virus are rare and almost always occur in ----
elderly or immunocompromised hosts
66
1st WNV vaccine for equines produced by Fort Dodge. Inactivated whole-virus vaccine
innovator | equine WNV vaccine
67
One dose/year WNV vaccine introduced by Schering-Plough Animal Health. Yellow fever chimeric vaccine. Some recalls in 2010.
PrevNile | WNV vaccine for horses
68
a recombinant canarypox-vectored WNV vaccine expressing the surface E protein as well as the M and pre-M viral proteins (Merial)
recombiteck | WNV vaccine for horses
69
a killed WNV vaccine by Boehringer-Ingelheim which incorporates the common North American equine strain E159 of WNV
Vetera | WNV vaccine for horses
70
togaviruses are split into 2 groups
**alpha** - arthropod borne (EEE,WEE,VEE) **rubiviruses**- rubella ## Footnote Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses
71
togaviruses are ----
Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, replicate in cytoplasm rubivirus- rubella | alpha- bug spread- EEE,WEE,VEE
72
Togaviruses alphavirus infections can lead to ----
subclinical febrile disease, or to neurological disease. EEE is most severe in horses and humans. ## Footnote Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (alpha- E,W,V)
73
with high infection what virus can go from mosquito to horse back to mosquito
Togavirus alphavirus- EEE,WEE,VEE ## Footnote Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (alpha- bugborne- E,W,V)
74
symptoms of alphavirus
severe depression, wide stance, hanging head, wandering, impaired vision, photophobia, constant head pressing into corner of the stall, dullness, dementia, or paralysis. ## Footnote Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (alpha- bugborne- E,W,V)
75
transmission cycle for EEE
76
pathogenesis of alphavirus
* mosquito will bite host and cause * primary viremia →low replication of virus in host, usually resolves * in some cases **secondary viremia** can occur and cause increased titers and spread to target organs * CNS is targeted by EEE,WEE,VEE, WNV ## Footnote Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (alpha- bugborne- E,W,V)
77
coronaviruses are ---
large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus
78
where do coronavirus replicate
cytoplasm | positive sense linear ssRNA virus
79
where does corona virus get its envelope?
golgi apparatus
80
coronaviruses have --- of mRNA
3' nested set encode for specific protein | 3' all the same, 5 ' different
81
Feline coronavirus cause --- in young kittens. But can mutate into ---
mild GI symptoms FIPV - cause systemic infection | feline infectious peritonitis virus ## Footnote corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, TGEV, IBV)
82
Transmissible Gastro enteritis virus (TGEV) effects ---
piglets vomiting, diarrhea and high mortality ## Footnote corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, TGEV, IBV)
83
infectious brochitis virus effects ---
birds cause respiratory infection and decreased egg production | gasping disease- attack ciliated epithelial cells- mucosal thickening ## Footnote corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)
84
Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine effect --- within --- hours
piglets 18-72 hours after ingestion ## Footnote corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)
85
symptoms of transmissible gastroenteritis of swine
vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration ## Footnote corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)
86
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus causes --- and is spread by ---
diarrhea, dehydration, death 40% fecal oral route ## Footnote corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)
87
feline coronavirus can mutate into
feline infectious peritonitis virus ## Footnote corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)
88
symptoms of FIPV
anorexia, chronic fever, malaise, and occasional neurological manifestations. | Feline corona mutates into Feline Infectious Peritonitis ## Footnote (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)
89
how does FIPV replicate?
immune enhancement- **non-protective** antibodies bind to surface glycoprotein (S) of the virus, and these virus-Ab complexes are readily taken up by macrophages via Fc receptors. virus infects and replicates in monocytes and macrophages ## Footnote Feline corona→Feline infectious peritonitis Virus
90
explain immune enhancement
host helps viruses get into cell **non protective/nonneutralizing** antibodies bind to the surface glycoprotein (S) of the virus, and these virus-Ab complexes are readily taken up by macrophages via Fc receptors. ## Footnote Feline corona → feline infectious peritonitis uses this to infect and replicate inside macrophages
91
FIPV life cycle
92
Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus can lead to what two outcomes
93
gasping disease is caused by ---
avian infectious bronchitis virus virus replicates in the ciliated epithelial cells causing mucosal thickening in nasal passages and trachae attenuated virus giving in drinking water ## Footnote corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)
94
avian infectious bronchitis virus cause
respirtatory disease- effect ciliated epithelial cells called gasping disease ## Footnote corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)
95
SARS
severe acute respiratory syndrome spread respiratory route- person to person origin animal unknown ## Footnote corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)
96
Arteriviridae are ---
enveloped, icosahedral, single, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the ER, 3' nested set of mRNA (EAV, PRRSV)
97
PRRSV cause---
anorexia, fever, **blue discoloration** of snout and ears, abortions and stillbirths. Pneumonia in piglets | porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus ## Footnote Arterivirus- enveloped, icosahedral, single, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the ER, 3' nested set of mRNA (EAV, PRRSV)
98
PRRSV is spread by ---
aerosol, contact and semen even though it is an envoloped virus- difficult to kill and very infectious ## Footnote Arterivirus- enveloped, icosahedral, single, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the ER, 3' nested set of mRNA (EAV, PRRSV)
99
pathogenesis of PRRSV
attack pulmonary macrophages **immune enhancement**- host Ab help viruses into macropages spread throughout body- across placenta modified live and killed vaccine ## Footnote Arterivirus- enveloped, icosahedral, single, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the ER, 3' nested set of mRNA (EAV, PRRSV)
100
PRRSV has an affinity to what type of cells
pulomary macrophages ## Footnote Arterivirus- enveloped, icosahedral, single, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the ER, 3' nested set of mRNA (EAV, PRRSV)
101
Reoviruses are
respiratory enteric orphan nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense segmened dsRNA
102
the three concentric capsid layers of Reoviruses are
outer, middle and inner all with icosahedral symmetry ## Footnote reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)
103
---- have segments of dsRNA
reoviruses ## Footnote reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)
104
if the outer capsid of reoviruses is removed it forms a ---
infectious subviral particle (ISVP) can still bind to host- still infectious
105
reoviruses replicate in the ---
cytoplasma 2 step: early and late transcription ## Footnote reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)
106
RNA reassortement can occur in Reoviruses because
dsRNA is in multible **segements** if a host cell is infected by multible viruses can make baby viruses with a mix of dsRNA ## Footnote reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)
107
bluetongue virus causes---
targets hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells of blood vessels cause blue tongue, ulcers in mouth, fever, hemorrhage, abortion | caused by midges ## Footnote reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)
108
blue tongue virus is found in --- animals
sheep cattle, yak, goats | attack hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells ## Footnote reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)
109
Blue tongue virus is spread by ---
midges- small biting flies ## Footnote reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)
110
rotaviruses cause ---
watery diarrhea (white/milk scours) virus destroys epithelial cells at the top of villi in the small intestine
111
vaccines to rotavirus are made by ---
**reassortment** techniques segmented genome mixed up in a lab to make live-attenuated vaccine

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