Test 1: Lecture 1 and 2 intro and structure

Question 1

prokaryote vs eukaryote

Answer 1

prokaryote→ no nucleus, single cell organism, cell wall

eukaryote → nucleus, can be single or multicellular organisms

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

gram + bacteria are ___

gram - bacteria are ___

Answer 3

purple

pink

Question 4

fastidious bacteria are ___

Answer 4

difficult to grow in a lab

we know little about them

Question 5

a bacteria that is microareophilic likes ___

Answer 5

high CO2

Question 6

a bacteria that has facultative growth means

Answer 6

prefers aerobic( O2) or anaerobic (no O2) but will grow in the other if it has to

Question 7

a bacterial cell has a complex structure with highly
___ traits AND highly ___ trait

Answer 7

conserved

plastic

Question 8

a bacteria is what type of cell?

Answer 8

prokaryotic

no nucleus → nucleoid

Question 9

cell wall of mycobacteria have ___

Answer 9

mycolic acid

lipo-arabino-mannan

Question 10

what kind of bacteria?

Answer 10

Gram +

Outer layer: Thick layer of peptidoglycan
• teichoic acid (bound to peptidoglycan)

• lipoteichoic acid (anchored in cytoplasmic membrane)

Inner layer: Cytoplasmic Membrane

Question 11

gram + or Gram - have a LPS outer layer?

Answer 11

gram negative

Question 12

Gram stain purple ___

Answer 12

gram +

Question 13

gram stain pink

Answer 13

gram negative

Question 14

Gram + Have a thick outer cell wall
made of ___

Answer 14

peptidoglycan

Question 15

gram + peptidoglycan layer is covered in ___

Answer 15

lipoteichoic acid and teichoic acid

Question 16

Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp. would stain ___

Answer 16

purple

gram +

Question 17

E. coli, Salmonella and enterica would stain ___

Answer 17

pink

gram negative

Question 18

gram negative have an outer and inner membrane with a thin ___

Answer 18

layer of peptidoglycan

Question 19

gram - bacteria cell wall is covered by ___ that can be seen by ___

Answer 19

(LPS) lipopolysaccharide

TLR4

Question 20

what does TLR4 see and what kind of bacteria?

Answer 20

LPS

gram negative

Question 21

steps of Gram stain

Answer 21

Question 22

if you stopped a gram stain at the iodine treatment stage what color would gram + and - bacteria be?

Answer 22

both purple

have not gone through the decolorization and counter stain phase

Question 23

___ and ___ are found in the outer layer of a gram + bacteria

Answer 23

teichoic acid -(bound to peptidoglycan)

lipoteichoic acid- (anchored in cytoplasmic membrane)

Question 24

another name for peptidoglycan

Answer 24

murein

Question 25

\_\_\_ is a polymer made of sugar and amino acid components

Answer 25

peptidoglycan (the meat of the sandwich)

Question 26

Alternating subunits of ____ and ___ that form cross links inside peptidoglycan

Answer 26

n-acetyglucosamine (NAG) n-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) they are the carbohydrate part of peptidoglycan

Question 27

Gram \_\_\_cells contain up to 10x the amount of peptidoglycan than Gram ___ bacteria.

Answer 27

positive negative

Question 28

peptidoglycan is critical for providing structural strength and resistance to ___ pressure.

Answer 28

cytoplasmic osmotic

Question 29

what TLR see peptidogylcan?

Answer 29

TLR2

Question 30

layers of the gram - cell wall

Answer 30

**Inner most layer:** Cytosolic membrane (phospholipids) **Middle**: Thin layer of **peptidoglycan** within the periplasmic space * *Outer Layer:** Outer membrane made of phospholipid and * *lipopolysaccharide (LPS)**

Question 31

Answer 31

gram negative

Question 32

another name for LPS

Answer 32

endotoxin

Question 33

LPS is made of what three parts

Answer 33

O antigen (variable portion) Core domain (linking portion) Lipid A (anchor)

Question 34

LPS Prevents penetration of harmful substances into the bacterial cell such as \_\_\_

Answer 34

(i.e. bile salts)

Question 35

two bacterial functions of LPS in Gram + are \_\_\_

Answer 35

Stabilizes outer membrane Prevents penetration of harmful substances into the bacterial cell (i.e. bile salts)

Question 36

what part of the LPS is seen by the TLR?

Answer 36

the core domain (linking portion)

Question 37

what does TLR4 see?

Answer 37

LPS on gram negative bacteria

Question 38

3 things LPS cause in the host

Answer 38

seen by TLR4 → innate immune reaction cause fever competes for ADH receptor → makes the host very thirsty (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)

Question 39

\_\_\_ on gram - cell walls cause you to be thirsty, How does this work?

Answer 39

LPS competes with ADH receptor can't tell the body you are not thirsty

Question 40

DNA exists in two states in the Bacterial Cell :

Answer 40

The Circular Bacterial “Chromosome” Mobile Genetic Elements

Question 41

DNA exists in two states in the Bacterial Cell :

Answer 41

The Circular Bacterial “Chromosome” Mobile Genetic Elements

Question 42

bacterial chromosomes are ___ shaped

Answer 42

circular dsDNA usually only one that is several million base pairs long

Question 43

what is a bacterial chromosome mainly made of?

Answer 43

housekeeping gene critical for cellular function → metabolism, replication ect.

Question 44

how many chromosomes does a bacteria have

Answer 44

usually one circular dsDNA

Question 45

Bacteria divide by ___ and in order to divide the chromosome must undergo \_\_\_

Answer 45

BINARY FISSION SEMI-CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION

Question 46

\_\_\_ unzips the the dsDNA to allow ___ to fill in the second strand in both directions.

Answer 46

DNA Helicase DNA polymerase

Question 47

bacterial chromosomes have what special shape

Answer 47

SUPERCOILED circular dsDNA

Question 48

what helps un-supercoil bacteria?

Answer 48

DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV

Question 49

what helps super coil bacteria

Answer 49

DNA gyrase

Question 50

Two critical enzymes: ____ and ____ , are responsible for the coiling and uncoiling of bacterial DNA.

Answer 50

Question 51

what type of drug attack DNA gyrase and topisomerase IV

Answer 51

fluoroquinolones such as Baytril(enrofloxaxin)

Question 52

Many genetic determinants of ___ are not original pieces of a bacterial chromosome. They are acquired through \_\_\_

Answer 52

virulence and antimicrobial resistance horizontal gene transfer **mobile genetic elements**

Question 53

\_\_\_ is exchange of genetic information between bacterial cells

Answer 53

horizontal gene transfer

Question 54

plasmid

Answer 54

self-replicating, self transmissible extra chromosomal element that undergoes conjugation to transfer from one bacteria to another mini chromosome that bacteria pass to eachother during “sex”

Question 55

bacterial ribosomes are made of Made up of 2 subunits (\_\_\_) which are distinct from the mammalian ribosome.

Answer 55

30s and 50s

Question 56

what type of antimicrobials target ribosomes

Answer 56

macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines protein synthesis inhibitors (MCAT)

Question 57

Highly conserved ___ gene is important for genetic identification of certain bacteria by DNA sequencing and population studies

Answer 57

16s rRNA codes for ribsomes

Question 58

Fimbriae vs flagellum

Answer 58

Question 59

\_\_\_ are used for motility

Answer 59

flagella

Question 60

Answer 60

Question 61

Some bacteria (\_\_\_) have “periplasmic flagella” or an axial filament, which rotates and drives the entire cell forward.

Answer 61

spirochetes moves like an inch worm