Test 1: lecture 4: Cell adaptations

Question 1

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia can___ the function
of the tissue.

Answer 1

increase

Question 2

___ is an adaptation without apparent benefit to
the host

Answer 2

Dysplasia

Question 3

atrophy

Answer 3

decrease in the mass due to decrease size or # of cells

cell shrinkage, autophagy and apoptosis

caused by disuse, starvation, loss of innervation, compression ect

Question 4

what are some causes of atrophy

Answer 4

Nutrient deprivation - starvation

Decreased blood supply

Loss of innervation

Disuse

Pressure/compression- hydrocephalus/hydronephrosus

Loss of hormones

Physiologic

Idiopathic

Question 5

Answer 5

pancreatic atrophy

Question 6

Answer 6

myofibril atrophy from disuse

Question 7

Answer 7

hydrocephalus

neural atrophy

Question 8

Answer 8

hydronephrosis

atrophy of the kidney due to increased pressure from blockage

Question 9

hypoplasia

Answer 9

never grew to normal size

fewer or smaller cells

(genetic?)

Question 10

Answer 10

hypoplasia

(plasia= growth)

kidney never grew to full size

Question 11

Answer 11

hypoplasia of trachea

common in brachiocephalic dogs

trachea never grew to normal size

Question 12

hypertrophy

Answer 12

increase in the size of cells by increasing the number and size of organelles

increase size not number

occur in organs made of post mitotic cells (skeletal muscle and heart muscle)

can be compensatory or hormonal

Question 13

when you lift weights, you are trying to cause ___ in your muscles

Answer 13

compensatory hypertrophy

Question 14

two types of hypertrophy

Answer 14

compensatory → weight lifting

hormonal

Question 15

___ occurs in post mitotic cells in response to stress

Answer 15

hypertrophy

post mitotic cells such as heart and skeletal muscle

Question 16

Answer 16

hypertrophy of the heart

(too big)

Question 17

Answer 17

Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a condition that causes the muscular walls of a cat’s heart to thicken, decreasing the heart’s efficiency and sometimes creating symptoms in other parts of the body.

Question 18

hypertrophy vs hyperplasia

Answer 18

hypertrophy- post mitotic cells (muscle and heart)- cells get bigger

hyperplasia- mitotic cells- can change(labile and quiescent) - will increase the number of cells (glands)

Question 19

hyperplasia

Answer 19

increase in the number of cells

occurs in cells that are still capable of mitosis (glands)

can be compensatory, hormonal, or idiopathic

Question 20

what are the three causes of hyperplasia

Answer 20

compensatory→ lost too much, need to rebuild→ liver can remake itself

hormonal → prostate will get bigger if not neutered

idiopathic → liver nodular hyperplasia → very common in old dogs

spleen nodular hyperplasia→ can lead to hematoma and death

pancreas → exocrine function by acinar cells

Question 21

Answer 21

adrenal gland hyperplasia (cortex is too thick)

Question 22

Answer 22

parathyroid hyperplasia (too big, too many cells)

Question 23

Answer 23

prostatic hyperplasia (too many cells from hormones from not neutering)

Question 24

metaplasia

Answer 24

when a cell type can change into a different cell type of the same germline

cartilage→ bone

Question 25

Answer 25

metaplasia barrett's esophagus cells in the esophagus change from squamous to simple columnar from the stress of GERD

Question 26

Answer 26

metaplasia joint changing into bone in response to attack

Question 27

Answer 27

metaplasia joint mice change of state from irritation→ tries to make itself stronger but loses mobility

Question 28

aplasia

Answer 28

failure to grow complete absence (genetic)

Question 29

Answer 29

aplasia kidney never formed

Question 30

two definitions of dysplasia

Answer 30

Disordered growth during development (abnormal tissue development with disorientation of cells or tissues) -or- Hyperplasia with atypical cell shape, size, and orientation in fully developed tissues.

Question 31

\_\_\_ is when an organ never formed

Answer 31

aplasia

Question 32

\_\_\_ is when an organ formed but never got to correct size

Answer 32

hypoplasia

Question 33

\_\_\_ is when an organ become smaller due to misuse or injury

Answer 33

atrophy

Question 34

\_\_\_ is when the size of an organ increases because the number of cells increase

Answer 34

hyperplasia think glands → happens in cells that are capable of mitosis

Question 35

\_\_\_ is when an organ gets bigger due to the size of individual cells gets bigger

Answer 35

hypertrophy think muscle and cardiac → post mitotic

Question 36

\_\_\_ is when cell types change into cells of the same germ line in response to stress

Answer 36

metaplasia think joint→ bone

Question 37

\_\_\_ is when there is disorder in how tissues are arranged

Answer 37

dysplasia

Question 38

\_\_\_ is hyperplasia with weird cell shape, size, and orientation in a fully developed tissue

Answer 38

dysplasia

Question 39

Answer 39

renal dysplasia

Question 40

Answer 40

dysplasia things aren't in normal order from top to bottom→ all jumbled up

Question 41

neoplasia

Answer 41

uncontrolled cellular proliferation → **cancer** benign or malignan

Question 42

Answer 42

neoplasia

Question 43

Answer 43

neoplasia diffuse?