Test 1: lecture 9: neoplasia Flashcards
1
Q
5 round cell tumors
A
lymphocyte → lymphoma
plasma cells → plasmacytoma or myeloma
mast cell → graded in dogs
histiocytic → histiocytoma or histiocytic sarcoma
TVT → venereal spread
2
Q
acute inflammation cells
A
neutrophils
3
Q
chronic inflammation cells
A
lymphocytes and plasma cells and macrophages
4
Q
granulomatous inflammation cells
A
epithelioid macrophages
giant cells
5
Q
histiocytoma
A
surgical emergency
can resolve on their own
type of benign round cell tumor
6
Q
A swollen part; swelling; protuberance; commonly used term for a neoplasm.
A
tumor
7
Q
Malignant and invasive growth or tumor; Any evil condition or thing that spreads destructively.
A
cancer
8
Q
The formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue.
A
neoplasia/neoplasm
9
Q
study of neoplasms (onco, neoplasm and logos, study of)
A
oncology
10
Q
a mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to that particular site.
A
hamartoma
11
Q
a mass of normal tissue at an abnormal site, also referred to as a heterotopic rest of cells.
A
Choristoma
12
Q
refers to the lack of uniformity of individual cells as well as loss in architectural orientation.
A
dysplasia → premalignant condition
13
Q
A
Fibroadnexal Hamartoma
disorganized but should be there
14
Q
A
Splenic choristoma (in the pancreas)
a tissue growing somewhere it should not be- grows normally
hamartoma- disorganized growth of tissue that should be there
15
Q
what are some ways neoplastic cells have developed to survive
A
require fewer growth factors
nonantigenic- body can’t see it
invasive
metastatic
16
Q
benign mesenchymal tissues neoplasms are called __
A
cell type + OMA
17
Q
benign neoplasm of smooth muscle
A
Leio (smooth) myo (muscle) + OMA (mesenchymal tissue)
leiomyoma
18
Q
A
gastric leiomyoma
smooth muscle benign neoplasm
19
Q
A
lipoma
Fat/Lipocyte/Adipocyte + OMA = benign neoplasm of fat
Lipo + OMA = LIPOMA
20
Q
A
Connective tissue/Fibroblasts/cytes + OMA = benign neoplasm of
fibrous connective tissue
Fibroblasts/cytes + OMA = FIBROMA
21
Q
how to name benign glandular epithelial tissue neoplasm
A
Cell/Tissue + Adenoma = name of neoplasm
Hepatoid Gland + Adenoma = Hepatoid Gland Adenoma
22
Q
how to name a benign non glandular epithelial neoplasm
A
Papilloma vs. polyp – non glandular epithelial neoplasms
• Squamous epithelium + papilloma = Squamous Papilloma
23
Q
A
Sebaceous glands (sebocytes) + OMA = benign neoplasm of sebaceous glands
• Sebaceous adeno (gland) + OMA = SEBACEOUS ADENOMA
24
Q
A
Parathyroid gland + OMA = benign neoplasm of the parathyroid
gland
Parathyroid adeno + OMA = PARATHYROID ADENOMA
25
Oligodendrogli**oma**
## Footnote
**benign mesenchymal tissue**
26
Viral papilloma
Papilloma vs. polyp – **benign non glandular epithelial** neoplasms
27
Fibroepithelial polyp
## Footnote
Papilloma vs. polyp – **benign non glandular epithelial** neoplasms
28
Endometrial (Uterine) polyp
Papilloma vs. polyp – **benign non glandular epithelial** neoplasms
29
osteoma
oma → benign mesenchymal tissue
30
hemangioma
## Footnote
**oma: benign mesenchymal tissue**
31
apocrine cytoadenoma
adenoma : **benign glandular epithelial** tissue
32
how to name malignant mesenchymal tissue
sarcoma
33
malignant neoplasm of skeletal muscle
Rhabdo (rod-shaped) myo (muscle) + Sarcoma = **Rhabdomyosarcoma**
34
Fat + Sarcoma = malignant neoplasm of adipocytes (fat) (mesenchymal cell)
liposarcoma= **malignant mesenchymal cell**
lipoma = **benign mesenchymal cell**
35
osteosarcoma = malignant tumor of bone (osteoblasts) **(malignant mesenchymal)**
osteoma= benign mesenchymal
36
hemangiosarcoma- malignant mesenchymal
hemagioma- benign mesenchymal
neoplasm of endothelium of blood vessels
37
how to name malignant epithelial non glandular neoplasm
carcinoma
38
carcinoma vs carcinoma in situ
**carcinoma in situ:** malignant neoplasm of non glandular epithelial tissue that has not broken through the basement membrane
39
how to name a malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm
adenocarcinoma
40
carcinoma is used for
malignant non glandular epithelial neoplasms
41
adenocarcinoma is used for
malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm
42
oma is used for
benign mesenchymal tissue neoplasms
43
adenoma is used for
benign glandular epithelial tissue neoplasms
44
papilloma is used for
benign non glandular epithelial neoplasms
(can also use polyp)
45
polyp is used for
benign non glandular epithelial neoplasma
46
sarcoma is used for
malignant mesenchymal tissue neoplams
47
benign mesenchymal neoplasms end in \_\_\_. malignant end in \_\_\_
oma
sarcoma
travel in the blood stream (hematogenous)
48
benign epithelial non glandular tissue
malignant
papilloma vs polyp
carcinoma
travel in the lymph nodes
49
benign glandular epithelial tissue vs malignant
adenoma
adenocarcinoma
50
left is normal
carcinoma in situ (has not broken basement membrane)
malignant non glandular epithelial neoplasm
51
mammary **adenocarcinoma**
malignant glandular epithelial tissue neoplasm
52
chondro sarcoma
sarcoma= malignant mesenchymal tissue
53
squamous cell carcinoma
carcinoma = malignant non glandular epithelial tissue
54
demarcation
how well defined the borders of a neoplasm are
55
Well-encapsulated neoplasm
demarcation
56
well demarcated or invasive?
invasive→ malignant
57
infiltrative adenocarcinoma
causing **desmoplasia-** stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma by the host
58
stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma by the host
desmoplasia
59
mitotic figures
60
how do malignant epithelial cell tumors spread
carcinomas spread by the lymphatics
61
how do malignant mesenchymal cell tumors spread
sarcomas spread by blood vessels (hematogenous)
62
another name for seeding
transcoelomic
carcinomatosis
63
is this the primary or secondary lesion
secondary → traveled from somewhere else
primary lesion usually only have 1 tumor
64
\_\_\_ is performed by clinicians.
\_\_\_ is performed by pathologists.
Staging
Grading
65
Based on data that relates specific pathologic features to clinical behavior and prognosis
grading
done by a pathologist
66
soft tissue carcinoma
mast cell tumor
malignant non glandular epithelial cell tissue
67
“New growth.” The formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue. A process in which normal cells undergo irreversible genetic changes, which render them unresponsive to ordinary control on growth.
neoplasm
68
1. A swollen part; swelling; protuberance.
2. An uncontrolled, abnormal, circumscribed growth of cells in any animal or plant tissue; neoplasm
tumor
69
adnexal hamartoma
disorganized tissue of cells that are from that area
70
progeny spleen is an example of \_\_\_
choristoma
organized growth of tissue not from that area
71
Some neoplasms stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma by the host, referred to as \_\_\_, and thus feel very firm or scirrhous.
desmoplasia
72
implies that the neoplasm is considered relatively innocuous based on its gross and microscopic appearance.
benign
73
Mesenchymal neoplasms:
• In general, attach the suffix \_\_\_
-OMA
74
\_\_\_ is a **benign epithelial neoplasm** with a glandular pattern or of glandular tissue.
Adenoma
75
\_\_\_ is a benign cystic epithelial neoplasm
Cystadenoma
76
\_\_\_ is a **benign epithelial** neoplasm growing on an epithelial surface that forms microscopic or macroscopic finger like projections
Papilloma
may be associated with papillomavirus infection.
77
\_\_\_ is a mass projecting above an epithelial surface that forms a macroscopically (grossly) visible structure.
Polyp
78
Mesenchymal neoplasms:
• In general, attach the suffix
SARCOMA
79
malignant whether of ectodermal or endodermal origin
carcinoma
80
the malignant neoplastic epithelial cells are present in a glandular pattern.
adenocarcinoma
81
a pre-invasive stage which does not invade through the basement membrane characterized by severe dysplasia of the epithelial cells, including: mitoses above the basal cell layer, nuclear and cellular pleomorphism, darker staining nuclei (hyperchromasia),loss of architectural orientation.
carcinoma in situ
82
If the epithelial component is malignant then it is a \_\_\_. If the epithelial and mesenchymal (cartilage or bone) components are malignant then it is called a \_\_\_
complex carcinoma
carcinosarcoma or malignant mixed tumor.
83
Arises from totipotential cells, primarily in the ovary and testis.
teratoma
84
There are tissues of epithelial, mesenchymal and neural origin within the neoplasm (e.g haired skin, respiratory epithelium, bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, neural tissue and dental tissue).
teratoma
85
\_\_\_ refers to the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally
differentiation
86
"to form backward” - refers to a lack of differentiation of the neoplastic cells on microscopic examination and implies de-differentiation or loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells.
anaplasia
Most cancers do not represent "reverse differentiation" of mature normal cells but arise from stem cells that fail to differentiate.
87
variation in shape and size, refers to the entire cell or the nucleus
pleomorphism
88
cells of different sizes
anisocytosis
89
nuclei of different sizes
anisokaryosis
90
The greater the cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, the less the
neoplastic cell resembles the normal differentiated cell, the
more ___ the cell.
anaplastic
91
The nuclei of neoplastic cells may contain abundant chromatin
and are dark staining called \_\_\_
hyperchromatic
92
The nuclei are disproportionately large for the cell, and the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio is distorted may approach 1:1 instead of the normal 1:4 or 1:6.
karyomegaly (large nuclei)
93
When compared with benign tumors and some well- differentiated malignant neoplasms, undifferentiated neoplasms usually have large numbers of \_\_\_, reflecting the higher proliferative activity.
mitoses,
94
\_\_\_neoplasms often have atypical, bizarre mitotic figures, sometimes producing tripolar, quadripolar, or multipolar spindles.
Malignant
95
\_\_\_(# of mitoses in 10 consecutive high power fields) - is often a good indication of the growth rate and malignant potential of a neoplasm
Mitotic index
96
Some non-endocrine cancers produce hormones - a condition
known as \_\_\_
Paraneoplastic syndrome.
97
Paraneoplastic syndrome.
Some non-endocrine cancers produce hormones
The most common paraneoplastic syndrome is **hypercalcemia** due to the synthesis of parathyroid hormone-related protein **(PTHrP)** by neoplastic cells (e.g. LSA, anal sac gland carcinoma)
98
Rate of growth determined by 3 factors: (1) ___ of tumor cells, (2) fraction of tumor cells that are in the ___ pool and (3) rate at which cells are \_\_\_
doubling time
replicative
shed or die.
99
The growth rate of tumors correlates with their level of differentiation, and thus most ___ tumors grow more rapidly than ___ lesions.
malignant
benign
100
\_\_\_ Grow as cohesive expansile masses that remain localized to their site of origin and do not infiltrate, invade or metastasize.
benign neoplasma
101
the development of secondary neoplasms at sites distant from the primary neoplasm.
metastasis
102
\_\_\_ spread is mostly found with carcinomas.
Lymphatic
103
carcinomas spread to the \_\_
lymphatics then into blood and lungs
104
\_\_\_\_ spread is mostly found with sarcomas
Hematogenous
105
sarcomas spread by \_\_\_
hematogenous spread
cancer grows into veins or venules and lead to the lungs and liver
106
\_\_\_ or seeding occurs when cancers invade and seed a natural body cavity (thorax or abdominal cavity) and re-implant at distant sites within the cavity
Transcoelomic spread
107
transcoelomic spread is most
commonly seen with carcinomas of the \_\_\_, and is referred to as
\_\_\_
ovary, gastrointestinal tissue and lung
carcinomatosis.
108
carcinomatosis.
transcoelomic spread/ seeding
109
TVT
**Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT)**.
Transmission occurs only by transplantation of viable neoplastic cells **during coitus.** Immunocompromised dogs may show distant metastasis.
The normal chromosome number is reduced from 78 to **58 or 59** in the neoplastic cells.
110
staging is done by the \_\_\_
clinician
extent of the spread
111
grading is done by the \_\_\_
pathologist
## Footnote
based upon the microscopic appearance of a neoplasm with H&E staining. In general, a higher grade means that there is a lesser degree of differentiation and the worse the biologic behavior of a malignant neoplasm will be.
112
benign and malignant neoplasm of Stratified squamous epithelium
Papilloma
Squamous cell carcinoma
113
benign and malignant neoplasm of Glandular/ductal epithelium
adenoma, papilloma, cystadenoma
andenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma
114
benign and malignant neoplasm of Liver cells
hepatocellular adenoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
115
benign and malignant neoplasm smooth muscle
leiomyoma
leiomyosarcoma
116
benign and malignant neoplasm of skeletal muscle
rhabdomyoma
rhabdomyosarcoma
117
malignant lymphoid tissue
lymphoma
118
malignant hematopoietic cells
leukemia
119
benign and malignant melanocytes
melanocytoma
malignant melanoma
120
benign and malignant adrenal medulla cells
pheochromocytoma
pheochromocytoma
121
benign or malignant totipotential cells
teratoma
malignant teratoma
