Test 2: 5 stomach Flashcards by jillian Bastidas

— part of the stomach secretes mucin only

cardia

surface is foveolar cells

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— part of the stomach secretes pepsinogen and HCL and mucin

fundus/body

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— part of the stomach secrete mucin and gastrin

pylorus

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G cells produce — and are found

gastrin

pylorus of stomach

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chief cells produce

pepsinogen

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parietal cells produce

HCl

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foveolar cell produce

mucus and bicarb

found on the surface of the cardia

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gastric mucosal barrier is made of what 4 things

Mucous “gel” secretions
* Lubricates & protects from self- digestion
Bicarbonate ions (HCO
* Buffers HCl (acid neutralization)
Replacement cells (every 3-5d)
BLOOD FLOW
– Brings O2 and energy for cell growth

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prostaglandin controls

secretions (bicarb and mucus)

cell turnover

microvascular blood flow

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erosion in stomach

a superficial mucosal defect limited to the mucosa/lamina propria

can bleed

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ulcer in stomach

a deep mucosal defect that extends through the epithelium into the submucosa/wall

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acute ulcers will look

Red-to-brown mucosal depression
– Active bleeding +/- fibrin layer
“Coffee ground” digested blood common

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chronic stomach ulcers will look

raised tan “indurated” crater-like

tan base from re-epithelialization

+/- active hemorrhage (if deep ulcer)

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sequelae of ulcer

Bleeding→ anemia→ “internal exsanguination”

Transmural perforation → septic peritonitis

Healing & Fibrous scar
→ dysmotility or outflow obstruction→ impaction

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chronic ulcer

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gastric ulcers can be caused by — parietal/chief cell secretion or by — in the mucosal barrier

increased (HCl and pepsinogen)

decreased

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clinical signs of gastric ulcer in dogs and cats

vomiting, inappetance,
abdominal pain, anemia, melena

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clinical signs of gastric ulcer in cattle

partial→ complete anorexia,
decreased milk production, melena, palpaple discomfort (+ grunt test)

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clinical signs of gastric ulcers in horses

anorexia, poor
performance, bruxism (Grinding of the teeth)

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clinical signs of gastric ulcers in pigs

anorexia, peracute death- ulcer erodes major blood vessel and bleeds out

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5 causes of gastric ulcers

Vascular Compromise
Dietary Disturbances
Trauma/toxic
Neoplasms
Infectious/inflammatory (GASTRITIS)

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3 causes of vascular compromise that leads to gastric ulcers

Pharmacologic (NSAIDS, Corticosteroids)

Supraphysiologic stress (nor-epi/epi)

Displacements - stomach twist and cut off blood supply

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2 causes of trauma/toxic causes of gastric ulcers

– Foreign bodies

– Caustic (exogenous or endogenous/systemic)

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NSAIDs cause — inhibition

COX 1 and 2

inhibit thromboxane and prostaglandin production

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steroids inhibit

PLA2 enzyme- needed for COX1 and 2 activation will also stop COX 1 and cox 2 Decreases immune cell activation (cytokines, LC activation), induces immune cell apoptosis (LC, Eos)

pathogenesis of NSAID ulcers will cause --- Acid secretion by parietal cells --- Bicarbonate & Mucus secretion --- Mucosal Microcirculation and --- Replacement cells

increased decreased, decreased, decreased cox 1/2 enzyme inhibition decreased prostaglandin synthesis

where does horse form gastric ulcers

margo plicatus

how does stress cause gastric ulcers?

epi/norepinephrine cause vasoconstriction to gastric wall cause local ischemic episodes→necrosis →erosion→ ulcers

displacement and dilation of the stomach can cause

gastric dilation- volvulus → passive congestion→ ischemia mucosal/mural infarct→ ulcer bloat can compress vena cave and cause death, sepsis, pulmonary atelectasis septic peritonitis

right or left displaced abomasum is worse?

right can twist and cut off blood supply- volvulus

canine GVD are caused by

large chested breeds anaerobes produce gas that allow for volvulus ulcers form and can cause hypovolemia, sepsis, and electrolyte derangement

equine acute gastric dilation will cause

rupture severe reflex- HORSE CAN NOT VOMIT

when you feed pigs --- they tend to get bleeding ulcers

small feed particle size

what part of the stomach does pig develop ulcer

pars esophagea stratified squamous without glandular tissue

what are exogenous dietary things that cause gastric ulcers

Obstructive/Penetrating Foreign Body Caustic substances- exogenous * Chemicals (dogs, cows) Oral cavity→ esoph→ stomach

two “Endogenous” gastric neoplasms with Epithelial-origin

Adenocarcinoma (K9) Squamous Cell Carcinoma (EQ)

Exogenous ”outside” infiltrates that cause neoplastic disease in stomach

Lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) (BV BLV(bovine leukemia virus) > K9, FE) Mast cell tumors- typically arise outside of stomach (skin, spleen)

mast cells secrete --- which trigger --- in stomach

histamine gastric acid secretion

what do gastric adenocarcinoma look like

chronic ulcer firm, tan and white, thickened infiltrative (not raised)

gastric adenocarcinoma occurs in ---

older male dog stomachs +/- widespread metastasis → poor prognosis

do gastric adenocarcinomas metastasize?

yes widespread →poor prognosis looks like chronic ulcer

what is is called when cancer seeds

carcinomatosis

cauliflower like

verrucous

what does squamous cell carcinoma look like?

exophytic- into lumen Verrucous (Cauliflower-like) * Ulcerative * Desmoplasia→ white-tan w/ firm texture

what animal usually gets squamous cell carcinomas?

older horses verrucous, ulcerative

will squamous cell carcinoma metastasize?

uncommon widespread mets but poor prognosis

in cows lymphosarcoma (LSA) is associated with ---

bovine leukemia virus (BLV) most common site will be abomasum

bovine leukemia virus will cause ---- in cow's ---

lymphosarcoma (LSA) abomasum, epidural & retrobulbar spaces, uterus, heart

in cats feline leukemia virus will cause

lymphosarcoma (LSA)

lymphosarcoma- would see round cells on histo

mast cells effect ---

skin and viscera usually the pyloric or anterior duodenal ulcers

mast cell tumors are caused by excess

histamine

what are some viruses that cause gastritis

COWS- BVD, MCF, Bluetongue

what are some bacteria that cause gastritis

Clostridium perfringens Helicobacter pylori Lactobacillus in Swine

clostridium perfringens produce --- that damage ---

exotoxins epithelial and micro vessels cause emphysema, erosion/ulcers and hemorrhage

---- bacteria leads to emphysema, gastric ulcers and hemorrhage

clostridium perfringens (gram + anaerobes)

Canine Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is caused by

clostridium perfringens (gram + anaerobes) leads to emphysema, gastric ulcers and hemorrhage

cow stomach what is it called in a dog

Canine Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) leads to emphysema, gastric ulcers and hemorrhage caused by bacteria Clostridium perfringens

Immune-mediated Gastritis (IBD) Eosinophilic Gastritis/ Gastroenteritis is caused by ---

dietary/environmental component in dogs, cats, horses type of hypersensitivity reaction

Immune-mediated Gastritis (IBD) Eosinophilic Gastritis/ Gastroenteritis will cause ---

Eosinophilic, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation → Hyperplasia of mucosa, erosions +/- ulcers → Eventual loss of gastric glands (atrophy) → Fibrosis (sclerosis)

Test 2: 5 stomach Flashcards

(60 cards)