Test 2: 10 lower

Question 1

An owner presents you with a dead 3-day old puppy from a litter of 6. The puppy was seen nursing and seemed “normal” until the night before when the puppy stopped nursing and looked “sleepy.” Gross inspection of the body and oral cavity reveals this lesion. All other puppies are eating and acting normally. Q1a: What is the anatomic location of the lesion?

Answer 1

Hard palate

Question 2

Briefly describe the lesion you see in the oral cavity.

Answer 2

A large focal cleft that separates the edges of the hard palate.

Question 3

medical term for cleft palate

Answer 3

Palatoschisis

Question 4

Briefly describe the exudate within the nares and provide a corresponding morphologic diagnosis

Answer 4

SALTD, DSSCCL

Opaque pale-yellow mucoid exudate- severe acute bilateral mucopurulent rhinitis

Question 5

describe

Answer 5

SALTD, DSSCCL

The ventral portion of the right cranial lung lobe contains coalescing well- demarcated dark red depressed foci with a single centrally located 1-2cm diameter slightly raised pale tan focus.

Question 6

morphologic diagnosis.

Answer 6

Severe acute suppurative bronchopneumonia

Question 7

how does cleft palate lead to suppurative bronchopneumonia

Answer 7

Palatoschisis with oral-nasal communication→ aspiration of ingesta (milk) into the nasal cavity → suppurative rhinitis → extension of aspirated contents into the trachea & lung → suppurative bronchopneumonia

Question 8

An adult horse develops a unilateral (left sided), malodorous mucopurulent nasal discharge. Percussion over the left maxillary sinuses are dull compared to the right which are resonant. Radiographs reveal a soft tissue (fluid) opacity within the left rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses with lysis of the tooth root apices of the 1st molar (M1). The soft tissue (fluid) opacity limited to the left side taken together with physical exam findings is compatible with a unilateral bacterial sinusitis.

Is the sinusitis a primary or secondary process?

Answer 8

secondary

Question 9

What radiographic evidence do you have for a secondary process?

Answer 9

M1 tooth root lysis

Question 10

Based on PE and radiographic evidence, what is the likely cause of the sinusitis in the horse?

Answer 10

Maxillary cheek tooth (M1) infundibular necrosis with pulpitis & tooth root abscess → alveolar bone lysis with bacterial translocation into the sinuses → suppurative sinusitis.

Question 11

— sinusitis/rhinitis typically manifests as a clear serous (non- malodorous) exudate.

Answer 11

Viral

Streptococcus equi or Strep. zooepidemicus (gram positive cocci

usually bilateral

Question 12

Answer 12

Dental attrition with malocclusion; “WAVE MOUTH”

Question 13

pig with wave mouth and gastric impaction. how do they explain each other

Answer 13

Dental attrition with malocclusion–> inadequate mastication–> gastric impaction –> reflux and aspiration–> aspiration pneumonia (anaerobes make it malodorous)

Question 14

raised, fluid-filled transient lesions resulting from ballooning degeneration and necrosis of epithelium

Answer 14

Vesicle

Question 15

circumscribed areas of epithelial cell denudation down to the level of (but not through) the basement membrane

Answer 15

erosion

Question 16

focal defects in the mucosa that extend BELOW the basement membrane

Answer 16

ulcer

Question 17

oral cavity inflammation

Answer 17

stomatitis

Question 18

lip inflammation

Answer 18

cheilitis

Question 19

tongue inflammation

Answer 19

glossitis

Question 20

gingiva inflammation

Answer 20

gingivitis

Question 21

teeth, gum, alveolar bone inflammation

Answer 21

periodontitis

Question 22

esophagus inflammation

Answer 22

esophagitis

Question 23

The pigs have developed lameness and raised, fluid filled lesions on the snout, lips, tongue and coronary bands that progress to erosions & ulcers. The cow has similar lesions. The horse is unaffected.
Q5a: Given the history, lesions and species affected, what is the most critical disease you want to rule out?

Answer 23

Foot and Mouth Disease

reportable

Question 24

4 other differential diagnoses for these fluid filled lesions in pigs

Answer 24

Vesicular stomatitis

Swine Vesicular Disease

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine

Senecavirus A (Seneca Valley Virus)

Question 25

of : Vesicular stomatitis Swine Vesicular Disease Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Senecavirus A (Seneca Valley Virus) which can a horse get and is it reportable?

Answer 25

Vesicular stomatitis yes

Question 26

Name a common viral disease in cats that causes oral vesicles, erosions and ulcers with hypersalivation and anorexia:

Answer 26

Feline Calicivirus

Question 27

On examination, the calf is emaciated and has diarrhea containing mucus and flecks of blood. Oral examination reveals hypersalivation with multifocal erosions and ulcers on the tongue and palate. Provide 3 differential diagnoses for the lesions in the oral cavity (remember that vesicles can be very transient and rapidly convert to erosions/ulcers)

Answer 27

1. Bovine Viral Diarrhea 2. Malignant Catarrhal Fever 3. Bluetongue Disease

Question 28

Given the autopsy findings in the calf and the poor reproductive history of the herd, what is the likely disease?

Answer 28

Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) 1) Epithelial cell necrosis 2) Lymphoid necrosis 3) Teratogenic effects

Question 29

A 4-year-old Longhorn steer is euthanized for severe unilateral swelling of the mandible with reluctance to eat. You palpate several large (4-6cm diameter) firm to fluctuant subcutaneous nodules expanding the sub-gingival mucosa. Radiographs reveal multifocal-coalescing lytic foci within the mandible. Q8a: Based on the lesions presented, provide the common name for the most likely disease

Answer 29

Bovine Lumpy Jaw Actinomyces bovis

Question 30

Bovine Lumpy Jaw is caused by

Answer 30

Actinomyces bovis

Question 31

lumpy jaw causes what inflammatory process

Answer 31

Pyogranulomatous stomatitis and osteomyelitis Actinomyces bovis

Question 32

A hobby farmer with a small herd of beef steers has had 3 animals die acutely. Because he wants to fatten these cattle for market, he has turned them out in a field containing alfalfa. All have pronounced left-sided abdominal distension. Rumen fluid has a slimy emphysematous appearance. Given the history & lesions, what disease do you most expect?

Answer 32

Primary (Frothy) Bloat/ Primary Rumen Tympany

Question 33

What is the likely cause of rumen tympany/ bloat?

Answer 33

primary- foamy bloat Excessive alfalfa forage in diet → proteins stabilize foam and promote microbial production of stable slime that blocks the cardia and prevents eructation

Question 34

The same farmer calls you back several weeks later because other steers have developed lameness and another steer has died. You find sole ulcers (consistent with bovine laminitis). The rumen of the dead steer is filled with fluid and contains multifocal ulcers. The liver contains multifocal soft tan foci (abscesses). The farmer is no longer feeding alfalfa BUT he’s added CORN what disease?

Answer 34

Rumen acidosis

Question 35

what causes Rumen acidosis?

Answer 35

Rumen acidosis and ulcerative rumenitis. High CHO diet → Fermentation to VFA’s → Initial drop in pH → Death to normal microflora (protozoa and Gram negative anaerobic bacteria) → Microflora shift to acid loving/producing gram positive bacteria (Strep. bovis & Lactobacillus)→ Further drop in pH → Chemical damage to the epithelium → Rumen erosions/ulcers →Opportunistic infection by opportunistic bacteria/fungi → Invasion through wall into portal blood vessels → bacterial/fungal emboli → Liver abscesses

Question 36

You examine a 3-year-old dairy cow for anorexia and reduced milk production. PE reveals marked left abdominal distension without auscutable or palpable rumen contractions. There is submandibular and presternal swelling with jugular vein distension & jugular pulses. Auscultation of the heart reveals tachycardia with muffled but turbulent sounds (like a washing machine). These are the findings from the abdominal and thoracic ultrasound exam. what disease

Answer 36

Bovine Hardware Disease Traumatic reticuloperitonitis/reticulopericarditis

Question 37

what prognosis do you give the farmer/ what treatments (if any) do you recommend for Traumatic reticuloperitonitis/reticulopericarditis aka bovine hardware disease

Answer 37

Although the farmer could try broad-spectrum antimicrobials, the prognosis is poor given the abundance of fibrin and fluid within the pericardial cavity and thickening of the pericardium. The presence of dependent edema in the head/neck and the pulsating jugular distension indicated right-sided cardiac insufficiency.

Question 38

hardware disease with lesions on the pericardial sac leads to

Answer 38

Cardiac tamponade and/or restrictive pericarditis

Question 39

describe lesions on the epicardial surface and peritoneum after hardware disease

Answer 39

effusive Severe subacute diffuse fibrinous peritonitis and pericarditis

Question 40

A 2-year-old German Shepherd has chronic regurgitation. A barium contrast radiograph shows esophageal dilation proximal to a severe narrowing of the contrast dye. Four months ago he had a corncob extracted from his esophagus via endoscopy. Given the history, what does the focal narrowing likely signify.

Answer 40

stricture

Question 41

What is the most likely pathogenesis of the narrowing & proximal dilation beginning with the initial corn cob ingestion?

Answer 41

Physical esophageal obstruction → pressure necrosis of wall → mucosal ulcer → inflammation & healing w/ fibrosis → stricture → proximal dilation

Question 42

What disease of the respiratory system is this dog at risk of acquiring with a esophagus stricture?

Answer 42

Aspiration pneumonia

Question 43

List the 4 components of the gastric mucosal barrier

Answer 43

1. Mucus secretions 2. Bicarbonate secretions 3. Rapid cell turnover (replacement of surface epithelium) 4. Adequate blood flow

Question 44

List the steps in the pathogenesis of NSAID-associated gastric ulcers

Answer 44

Question 45

--- cause gastric ulcers in DOGS

Answer 45

NSAIDS, stress, direct trauma to epithelium (foreign bodies), GDV,, gastric adenocarcinoma (OLD dogs), mast cell tumors producing excess circulating histamine, IBD, Clostridium perfringens (HGE- cause ulcer and hemorrhage)

Question 46

--- cause gastric ulcers in CATTLE

Answer 46

Dietary change (excess CHO), stress, concurrent disease, abomasal displacement/volvulus, lymphosarcoma (BLV infection), BVD virus, Clostridium perfringens abomasitis

Question 47

--- cause gastric ulcers in horses

Answer 47

NSAIDS, stress, irregular feeding intervals, transportation, high grain diets, squamous cell carcinoma (older horses)

Question 48

--- cause gastric ulcers in pigs

Answer 48

Helicobacter, small feed particles, genotype, gender, season, stress/concurrent disease

Question 49

You identify these lesions in the abomasum of a calf submitted for autopsy due to acute death. The owner reported the calf was a greedy eater but suddenly bloated and died. 14a) Describe the lesions

Answer 49

The mucosa is mottled pink with dark red to dark brown-black foci. The mucosa is expanded by multifocal emphysematous bubbles.

Question 50

Provide an appropriate morphologic diagnosis

Answer 50

Severe diffuse hemorrhagic emphysematous abomasitis

Question 51

what caused this

Answer 51

Clostridium perfringens

Question 52

emphysematous abomasitis is similar to --- in a ---

Answer 52

Dogs- Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis

Question 53

What is the likely cause of the mucous membrane pallor

Answer 53

anemia from Haemonchus contortus nematodes (abomasal Haemonchosis)

Question 54

What is the reason for the dependent edema and diarrhea from a Haemonchus infestation?

Answer 54

Due to capillary leakage of protein into the abomasum, Haemonchus causes severe hypoproteinemia → low intravascular oncotic pressure → dependent edema. The increased protein (albumin) liberated into the gi tract → osmotic drawl of fluid into the intestines → diarrhea (a preview for next lectures!)

Question 55

What are the 3 predominant inflammatory cell infiltrates in canine, feline and equine IBD?

Answer 55

1. Lymphocytes 2. Plasma cells 3. Eosinophils

Question 56

primary vs secondary bloat

Answer 56

primary- frothy from abrupt dietary change secondary- free gas- from failure to burb (eructation)- esophageal obstruction or rumen stasis)

Question 57

what are things that can cause secondary bloat?

Answer 57

Free Gas bloat Due to FAILURE OF ERUCTATION (ie, Esophageal Obstruction or Rumen Stasis)

Question 58

explain primary bloat mechanism

Answer 58

sudden high carb diet will decrease saliva saliva usually inhibits foam production proteins in forage will stabilize foam, high carb will cause change in microflora, also produce more slimy foam stable slime blocks the cardia causing rumen distension

Question 59

what is the bloat line

Answer 59

Blanching of the distal esophagus (bloat line) with passive congestion of the proximal esophagus