Test 4: 3 :ocular Flashcards
1
Q
eye adnexa
A
the eyelids, the conjunctival sac, the lacrimal drainage system, the lacrimal gland, and the orbital contents except for the eye and optic nerve.
2
Q
uvea
A
middle layer of the eye
iris, ciliary body, choroid
3
Q
point where cornea and sclera meet
A
limbus
4
Q
anterior and posterior chamber are filled with
A
aqueous humor
5
Q
what part of the eye is filled with vitreous humor
A
posterior segment
6
Q
three layers of the eye
A
Fibrous outer tunic
* Cornea and sclera
Vascular middle tunic
* Iris * Ciliary body * Choroid
Nervous inner tunic
* Retina
7
Q
two type of defective migration of mesenchymal eye tissue
A
Choroidal hypoplasia
Iris hypoplasia
Mesenchymal
* corneal stroma & endothelium, uveal stroma, hyaloid artery system, choroid, orbital cartilage & bone, sclera
8
Q
2 types of incomplete atrophy of mesenchymal eye tissue
A
- Persistent pupillary membrane
- Goniodysgenesis
Mesenchymal
* corneal stroma & endothelium, uveal stroma, hyaloid artery system, choroid, orbital cartilage & bone, sclera
9
Q
Choroidal hypoplasia is a hallmark of — . Other finding are posterior — and retinal separation.
A
Collie Eye Anomaly
coloboma- notch defect
vision is only midly affected if not retinal separation
10
Q
A
feline persistent pupillary membrane
opacity
11
Q
A
persistent hyaloid artery
12
Q
what went wrong in the left picture
eye
A
goniodysgenesis
filtration angle not open, leads to glaucoma
13
Q
name for abdnormal eyelash direction
A
eyelid agenesis with trichiasis
14
Q
A
distichiasis- additional cilia(eyelashes) protruding from the Meibomian gland opening and contacting the cornea.
15
Q
A
limbal dermoid
not cancer, haired skin, causes opacity
16
Q
what kind of defect
A
retinal dysplasia
retinal folds
most common in dogs (& as part of Collie eye anomaly) and cattle
causes include:
1. Failure of proper apposition of the two layers of the optic cup
2. Failure of induction by defective retinal pigmented epithelium
3. Necrosis or dysplasia of developing retina by viruses (BVDV, bluetongue, CHV1, panleukopenia, FeLV)
17
Q
term for developmental defects of the anterior chamber mesenchyme at the iridocorneal angle that predispose dogs
to glaucoma
A
Goniodysgenesis
18
Q
trichiasis
A
cilia/eyelashes pointed wrong way and poke eye
19
Q
distichiasis
A
2nd row of eyelashes that poke the eye
20
Q
eyelid inflammation
A
Blepharitis
21
Q
another name for stye
A
Hordeolum
suppurative adenitis (inflammation of gland)
22
Q
Dacryoadenitis
A
lacrimal gland inflammation
23
Q
another name for dry eye
A
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
24
Q
Chalazion
A
granulomatous inflammation due to leakage of Meibomian secretion
leads to epithelial macrophages and MNGC
25
eye gland issue called
chalazion →granulomatous inflammation due to leakage of Meibomian secretion
white areas of lipid
Typically adjacent to adenoma of the Meibomian gland, but can be associated with any injury to the Meibomian gland.
26
chemosis
edema of conjunctiva
27
conjunctivitis
inflammation of conjunctiva
can be acute or chronic with purulent discharge
28
chemosis and conjunctivitis in cats can be caused by
Feline herpesvirus-1
Chlamydia felis
Mycoplasma felis, M. gatae
Feline calicivirus
29
what are some things that can cause bovine conjunctivitis and corneal edema?
Malignant Catarrhal Fever – MCF
* Gammaherpesvirinae – 10 viruses in the group
* Ovine Herpesvirus-2 most common cause in North America
* Systemic disease
30
--- is a common component of feline upper respiratory tract disease caused by FHV-1, Chlamydia felis, and/or Mycoplasma spp.
Conjunctivitis
31
Inflammation and damage to the lacrimal glands can compromise the tear film and lead to chronic ---
keratitis
inflammation of cornea
32
needs to be organized, non keratinized and avascular to allow light to pass through
33
what are some responses to chronic injury
Erosion or ulceration
* Descemetocele
Metaplasia, melanosis
Stromal edema
Stromal neovascularization
* 4 days after injury; 1mm/day
Stromal necrosis/ keratomalacia (melting ulcer)
Stromal fibrosis
Keratitis- inflammation of cornea
34
Severe chronic keratitis (Keratoconjunctivitis sicca) with corneal cutaneous metaplasia
35
descemetocele
herniation of Descemet's membrane (usually outward through the corneal stroma and epithelium)
36
what can cause this
cat scratch
septic implantation syndrome
37
equine fungal keratitis leads to ---
deep ulcers with keratomalacia (melting ulcer)
38
coroneal endothelial dystrophy occurs in what breeds? and causes ?
Boston Terriers, Chihuahuas, Dachshunds
Causes progressive bilateral corneal edema.
39
corneal stroma dystrophy causes ---
wide range of breed-specific lipid and or mineral deposits.
40
lipidosis of the cornea is secondary to
hypercholesterolemia or corneal injury
41
Corneal --- often describes corneal lesions characterized by noninflammatory loss of epithelial or stromal cells.
Degeneration
42
Feline corneal sequestrum:
discrete orange brown discoloration of the central cornea.
* Persian or Himalayan
* Necrosis of stromal cells; sequestrum will eventually slough, heals by granulation tissue. May be an uncommon sequel to corneal ulceration in cats
43
Spontaneous Chronic Corneal Epithelial Defects (“indolent” or “Boxer” ulcer)
recurrent shallow central corneal erosion/ulcers; epithelial cells unable to anchor.
44
Canine. Corneal lipid/cholesterol deposits.
45
what kind of cats get corneal sequestrum
persian, burmese, himalayan
discrete orange brown discoloration of the central cornea.
Necrosis of stromal cells; sequestrum will eventually slough, heals by granulation
tissue. May be an uncommon sequel to corneal ulceration in cats
46
Anterior uveitis
iris and ciliary body inflammation
47
Posterior uveitis
choroid inflammation
48
Panuveitis
iris, ciliary body, and choroid inflammation
49
Chorioretinitis
choroid and retina inflammation
50
aqueous flare
mild, Serous – Protein-rich fluid in anterior chamber in aqueous membrane
51
hypopyon
bacterial infection in the uvea that leads to supprative discharge in the anterior chamber
52
most common cause of glaucoma in cats
Lymphoplasmacytic Anterior Uveitis
buildup of lymphoid and plasma cells in the filtration angle
nonspecific inflammatory reaction
unknown cause
53
front of eye
Suppurative anterior uveitis – usually associated with bacterial infection
forms Hypopyon
54
FIP will cause ---
anterior uveitis
**Keratic precipitates** – inflammatory cells adhered to the corneal endothelium
Corneal neovascularization
Ocular manifestation of systemic disease
55
what causes this
damge to corneal endothelium leading to edema
canine adenovirus-1
56
--- is the most common cause of glaucoma and blindness in horses
Equine recurrent uveitis.
leads to Cataract, Retinal detachment, Fibrovascular proliferation, Synechiae, Glaucoma
caused by lepto virus
57
what causes this in horses
lepto
recurrent uveitis
most common causes of glaucoma and blindness in horses
leads to
Cataract * Retinal detachment * Fibrovascular proliferation * Synechiae * Glaucoma
58
anterior and posterior synechiae
iris stuck to cornea
iris stuck to lens
59
phthisis bulbi
hypotonic. shrunken disorganized eye
60
Anterior synechia with corneal opacity
iris stuck to cornea
61
what will happen
synechia will block filtration angle and cause glaucoma
Pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane with peripheral anterior synechia.
Fibrovascular proliferation lines the anterior face of the iris and spans the iridocorneal angle (asterisk), obstructing aqueous outflow
62
iris attached to lens is called
posterior synechiae
cataract
PIFM- pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane
hemorrhage
63
--- is caused by chronic uveitis
phthisis bulbi
64
lens opacity is called
cataract
65
phakitis
inflammation of lens of eye
66
lens of eye
Cataract; Morgagnian globules, lens fiber degeneration, epithelial posterior migration
67
anterior lens luxation
68
--- dogs will have a mutation in ADAMTS17 that leads to ---
jack russel
primary lens luxation from zonular dysplasia
leads to intraocular inflammation and glaucoma
69
Increased opacity of the lens due to degeneration of --- is
called a cataract
lens fibers
70
Displacement of the lens is called lens luxation and can cause --- inflammation and ---
intraocular
glaucoma
71
complete retinal detachment
morning glory flower
72
The --- is responsible for retinal blood
supply and removing waste products
RPE
retinal pigment epithelium
will cause tombstoning/ hypertrophy if seperated
73
Chorioretinitis
inflammation of chroion and retina
74
all retinal degeneration execpt for glaucome will progress from ---
outerlayer
inward
toxic, injury, idiopathic, nutritional defiencies
75
common inherited cause of retinal degeneration that is found in >100 breeds of dogs
Progressive Retinal Atrophy:
autosomal recessive
Progresses to blindness; unassociated with inflammation
Ultrastructural and biochemical changes, age of onset, speed of progression differ from breed to breed (common in Irish Setters, Norwegian elkhounds, collies and miniature poodles)
76
Papilledema
swelling of optic disc caused by Increased CSF pressure, inflammation, decreased IOP
77
The separated retina cannot be properly nourished by the underlying ---
RPE and choroid
leads to atrophy
78
Nodular granulomatous scleritis/episcleritis in dogs causes
-nodular proliferative inflammatory lesions of the sclera
-behaves as a locally infiltrative neoplasm
treatable and common
79
The single most consistently recognized feature of all glaucomas in
veterinary patients is ---
elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP)
80
Aqueous humor is produced by the ---
ciliary body epithelium
81
Aqueous humor leaves the anterior chamber at the ---
iridocorneal angle
filtration angle
82
two primary causes of glaucoma
**Goniodysgenesis** – congenital malformation of the filtration apparatus. Onset of glaucoma at maturity or middle age onset (why?); most common in dogs; rare in cats
**Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)**
83
Sequelae of Glaucoma
* Optic disc cupping
* Corneal edema
* Buphthalmos - bulging of eye
* Exposure keratitis -inflammation of cornea from not being able to blink
* Cataract
* Atrophy of iris and ciliary body
* Retinal atrophy
* Retinal separation
* Scleral thinning
* Lens luxation / subluxation
* Corneal striae (breaks in descement's membrane)
84
glaucoma causes --- at back of eye
optic disc cupping and retinal separation
85
Glaucoma can lead to increased size of the globe (---) and
exposure keratitis
buphthalmia
86
some causes of secondary glaucoma
anything that increases intraocular pressure other then Goniodysgenesis and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)
examples: cancer, synechiae, hemorrhage, uveitis
87
SCC
Incidence: bovine > equine > feline > canine (limbus > 3rd eyelid > eyelid)
Pathogenesis: UV light → epidermal plaque →papilloma → carcinoma in situ →carcinoma (invasive, may metastasize)
88
Meibomian gland adenoma and
epithelioma
* Common, benign (70% of eyelid tumors)
Meibomian gland adenocarcinoma
* Rare, malignant - invasive
89
what kind of cancer in dogs
Canine
- Prognosis based on histologic criteria (anaplasia, mitoses, invasion)
- Sites: iris - common - 90% benign; choroid - rare - usually benign
90
melanocytomas in dogs are usually ---
in cats ---
Canine
- Prognosis based on histologic criteria (anaplasia, mitoses, invasion)
- Sites: iris - common - 90% benign; choroid - rare - usually benign
Feline
- Diffuse iris melanoma more common than solitary masses
- May obstruct filtration angle and cause glaucoma
- Greater risk for distant metastasis with longer latency (3-5 years)
91
cat
Feline
- Diffuse iris melanoma more common than solitary masses
- May obstruct filtration angle and cause glaucoma
- Greater risk for distant metastasis with longer latency (3-5 years)
92
what kind of tumor
iridociliary adenoma
2nd most common eye cancer, 2nd to melanomas
93
cat
Feline post-traumatic sarcoma (fibrosarcoma): Variable lag time – 5 months to 11 years – between trauma and neoplasia
- Thought to arise from metaplasia of lens epithelium following injury with a long latency period of several months to years
- Several variants: Spindle cell (fibrosarcoma) most common; osteosarcoma/chondrosarcoma; round-cell variant (B-cell lymphoma)
- Aggressive locally infiltrative behavior, can extend along the optic nerve to the brain
94
why should you remove a feline post traumatic sarcoma
very infiltrative
can crawl along optic nerve to the brain
metaplasia from trauma to lens
95
what kind of cancer
Ocular Lymphoma (can be solitary or part of systemic lymphoma)
Better outcomes than when part of multicentric lymphoma
96
orbital meningioma
on optic nerve
97
three types of orbital neoplasms
* Orbital nerve meningioma
* Sarcomas
* Lacrimal adenocarcinoma
98
--- carcinoma of the conjunctiva is common in cattle and horses, and can occur in other species
Squamous cell
Incidence: bovine > equine > feline > canine (limbus > 3rd eyelid > eyelid)
Pathogenesis: UV light → epidermal plaque →papilloma → carcinoma in situ →carcinoma (invasive, may metastasize)
99
--- adenomas are very common, benign tumors in dogs eyes
Meibomian
70% of eye lid tumors are this type
100
The clinical behavior of feline --- melanoma is hard to predict,
with a subset of tumors metastasizing widely
diffuse iris
Diffuse iris melanoma more common than solitary masses
May obstruct filtration angle and cause glaucoma
Greater risk for distant metastasis with longer latency (3-5 years)
101
Feline post-traumatic ocular sarcoma is locally invasive and can occur many months to years after a ---
traumatic incident
- Thought to arise from metaplasia of lens epithelium following injury with a long latency period of several months to years
- Several variants: Spindle cell (fibrosarcoma) most common; osteosarcoma/chondrosarcoma; round-cell variant (B-cell lymphoma)
- Aggressive locally infiltrative behavior, can extend along the optic nerve to the brain
102
a developmental defect characterized by complete absence of the eye(s).
Anophthalmos
103
enlargement and distension of the fibrous coats of the eye
Buphthalmos
104
an apparent absence or defect of some ocular tissue, usually resulting from a failure of a part of the fetal fissure to close.
Coloboma
(notch defect) think collie eye syndrome
105
inflammation involving the ocular cavities and their adjacent structures (uvea, retina).
Endophthalmitis:
106
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball.
Exophthalmos:
107
a group of diseases characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure which causes pathological changes in the eye.
Glaucoma:
108
a congenitally small eye(s) may be associated with other ocular defects.
Microphthalmos (microphthalmia)
109
inflammation of all the structures or tissues of the eye (including sclera).
Panophthalmitis
110
shrinking, wastage, and hypotony of the eyeball.
Phthisis bulbi
111
inflammation of the eyelids.
Blepharitis
112
chronic granulomatous inflammation of an eyelid (Meibomian) gland
Chalazion
113
inflammation of the lacrimal gland(s).
Dacryoadenitis
114
the presence of a double row of eyelashes on an eyelid, one or both of which are turned in against the eyeball.
Distichiasis:
115
the turning outward (eversion) of an edge or margin, as of the eyelid, resulting in exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva.
Ectropion:
116
the turning inward (inversion) of an edge or margin, as of the margin of the eyelids turned in toward the eyeball.
Entropion:
117
localized purulent inflammatory of one or more Meibomian glands of the eyelids.
Hordeolum (stye)
118
inflammation of the conjunctiva.
Conjunctivitis
119
herniation of Descemet's membrane (usually outward through the corneal stroma and epithelium).
Descemetocele:
120
a congenital lesion on the corneal or bulbar conjunctival surface resembling skin.
Dermoid (choristoma):
121
inflammation of the cornea
Keratitis:
122
inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.
Keratoconjunctivitis
123
inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva associated with or due to drying (desiccation) of these structures. Usually there is decreased tear production or the tears are unable to reach these structures.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca:
124
superficial vascularization of the cornea with infiltration of granulation tissue.
Pannus:
125
absence of the lens; either congenital or acquired.
Aphakia:
126
opacity of the crystalline lens.
Cataract:
127
conical protrusion of the substance of the crystalline lens.
Lenticonus
128
abnormally small crystalline lens.
Microphakia:
129
age related compression of the lens fibers causing central lens opacity or translucency.
Nuclear sclerosis:
130
inflammation of the choroid and retina.
Chorioretinitis:
131
inflammation of the choroid.
Choroiditis:
132
an accumulation of neutrophils (pus) in the anterior chamber.
Hypopyon
133
inflammation of the iris.
Iritis
134
inflammation of the iris and ciliary body.
Iridocyclitis:
135
adhesion of parts; particularly adhesion of the iris to other structures.
Synechia:
136
adhesion of the iris to the cornea.
Anterior synechia:
137
adhesion of the iris to the capsule of the lens or rarely to the vitreous body.
Posterior synechia
138
inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid).
Uveitis:
139
inflammation of the iris and ciliary body.
Anterior uveitis
140
inflammation of the choroid.
Posterior uveitis
Choroiditis
141
hydropic swelling (edema) of the optic disc.
Papilledema:
142
inflammation of the retina (usually also involves the choroid).
Retinitis:
143
a bulging of the sclera, usually through a defect (coloboma).
Scleral ectasia:
144
a partial or full thickness defect in the cornea or sclera lined by protruding uveal tissue.
Staphyloma:
145
synophthalmos/ cyclopia
veratrum californicum
146
Enlargement and distension of the eye
Buphthalmia
147
Herniation of Descemet's membrane
Correct match:
Descemetocele
148
Granulomatous inflammation of the Meibomian gland
Chalazion
149
Inflammation of all the structures or tissues of the eye including sclera
Panophthalmitis
150
True or false
Pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes (PIFMs) may result from uveitis and lead to secondary glaucoma.
true
151
Which of the following is NOT a common sequelae of chronic glaucoma?
Inner retinal atrophy
Chemosis
Exposure keratitis
Scleral thinning
Lens subluxation
Chemosis
Sequelae of glaucoma:
Buphthalmia
Scleral thinning
Corneal edema
Corneal striae (breaks in Descemet’s membrane)
Exposure keratitis (secondary to buphthalmos)
Lens luxation or subluxation due to zonule damage
Cataract (lens malnutrition?)
Atrophy of iris and ciliary body
Retinal atrophy (inner layers first)
Retinal separation (after buphthalmos)
Optic disc cupping
152
his 8-year-old mixed breed dog is diagnosed with severe chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca due to immune-mediated damage to the tear producing (lacrimal) glands. Which of the following reactions to corneal injury is NOT depicted here?
Epithelial (cutaneous) hyperplasia and metaplasia
Descemetocele
Neovascularization
Keratitis
Stromal fibrosis
Descemetocele
herniation of Descemet's membrane (usually outward through the corneal stroma and epithelium).
