Test 2: 12 liver 1

Question 1

liver gets blood from

Answer 1

Portal Circulation

hepatic artery

Question 2

red?

Answer 2

centriloblar lobule- zone 3
midzonal lobule- zone 2
periportal lobule- zone 1

blood flows from portal triad to the central vein

Question 3

portal triad includes

Answer 3

portal venule
hepatic arteriole
bile ductule

Question 4

Answer 4

kupffer cells (macrophages of liver)

stellate cells

Question 5

leakage enzymes such as — live — in the hepatocytes

Answer 5

ALT- Alanine Aminotransferase
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase
SDH- Sorbitol Dehydrogenase

cytoplasm

if there is damage to hepatocyte, you will find these in the blood

Question 6

induced enzymes such as — are found where in the hepatocyte

Answer 6

Alkaline Phosphatase- ALP
Gammaglutamyl Transpeptide –GGT

membrane bound- seen with increased stress on hepatocyte- increased metabolic activity

Question 7

Macrophages within sinusoids/space of Disse

Answer 7

kupffer cells

Question 8

kupffer cells eat —

Answer 8

RBC and bacteria, immune complex and endotoxins

Question 9

kupffer cells will accumulate —

Answer 9

iron, ceroid /lipofuscin/lipid

from eating RBC, bacteria and old cells

Question 10

Stellate cells are involved in — metabolism

Answer 10

vit A

found in space of Disse

Question 11

stellate cells are also called

Answer 11

Ito cells or hepatic lipocytes

Question 12

stellate cells may transform to —

Answer 12

myofibroblasts and contribute to
fibrosis, along with other fibroblasts

Question 13

what proteins does the liver make

Answer 13

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Clotting factors
Globulin

Question 14

primary Photosensitization
is caused by

Answer 14

Liver incapable of excreting photodynamic compound

Ingestion of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)

Question 15

secondary photosensitization (hepatogenous) is caused by

Answer 15

damage to liver

eat food with cholestasis, can’t break down Phylloerythrin (catabolite of chlorophyll) or other
photodynamic compounds

these accumulate in the skin and cause severe sun burn

Question 16

type 2 Photosensitization

Answer 16

congenital porphyria

hereditary defect in heme metabolism

Question 17

hemoglobin break down

Answer 17

kupffer cells with eat iron

Question 18

bilirubin metabolism

Answer 18

RBC breaksdown in spleen, gets attached to albumin complex

unconjugated bilirubin: albumin enters liver

hepatocyte conjugates bilirubin making it water soluble

excreted in bile into the intestine

some reuptake

most degraded to urobilinogen by bacteria and excreted in poop

Question 19

bile in liver flows

Answer 19

in canaliculi opposite direction of blood

will flow toward the portal triad

Question 20

another name for jaundice

Answer 20

icterus
hyperbilirubinemia

Question 21

prehepatic icterus is caused by

Answer 21

massive breakdown of RBC

leading to large amounts of unconjugated bilirubin

Question 22

hepatic icterus is caused by

Answer 22

liver issue- unable to uptake and/or excrete bilirubin

leads to Increased conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin

Question 23

posthepatic icterus is caused by

Answer 23

Bile duct obstruction

Increased conjugated bilirubin

Question 24

Hepatoencephalopathy can be caused by —

Answer 24

portosystemic shunt

blood skips liver- cause too much ammonia in the blood leading to neuro issues

Question 25

3 types of reversible injury to liver

Answer 25

also called vacuolar hepatopathy Hepatocellular swelling *Glycogen accumulation *Hepatic lipidosis

Question 26

hepatocellular swelling is caused by ---. and looks ---

Answer 26

cells accumulate water due to inability to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis issue with sodium pump marked swelling with very pale staining cytoplasm

Question 27

hepatocellular swelling is reversible or irreversible

Answer 27

reversible but can lead to necrosis if not resolved

Question 28

glycogen accumulation is caused by

Answer 28

glycogen accumulation without displacement of the nucleus from the center usually midzonal, but can be diffuse, zonal, or involve individual cells

Question 29

glycogen accumulation in dogs is caused by

Answer 29

Steroid Hepatopathy glucocorticoids (endogenous or exogenous) * may be seen with stress or other drugs

Question 30

Answer 30

glycogen accumulation

Question 31

glycogen accumulation is reversible or irreversible

Answer 31

reversible; usually NOT associated with necrosis

Question 32

hepatic lipidosis cause --- in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes

Answer 32

vacuoles of lipid

Question 33

hepatic lipidosis is reversible or irreversible

Answer 33

reversible form of cellular injury; but may lead to necrosis

Question 34

another name for hepatic lipidosis

Answer 34

fatty change or steatosis

Question 35

5 ways fat can accumulate in the liver A. Excessive entry of FAs due to --- (most common) B. Excessive FA synthesis and TG formation due to excessive intake of --- C. Decreased --- of FAs due to hepatocyte dysfunction D. Decreased --- with subsequent decreased export of lipoproteins E. Impaired secretion of --- (often due to hepatocyte dysfunction)

Answer 35

excessive dietary intake or increased mobilization carbohydrates oxidation apoprotein synthesis lipoprotein

Question 36

Answer 36

tension lipidosis ligaments pull on edge of liver causing decreased blood flow and fat accumulation

Question 37

Answer 37

Feline Fatty Liver Syndrome

Question 38

storage disorder in the liver are accumulations in hepatocytes and --- due to inherited metabolic disorders

Answer 38

Kupffer cells Common findings include clear vacuoles, vacuoles with granular or hyaline material, or cytoplasmic yellow brown material

Question 39

what causes canine copper-associated hepatopathy

Answer 39

not really sure might be chronic active hepatitis Cu accumulates in centrilobular hepatocytes → progressive → hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation with copper-laden hepatocytes and macrophages → chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis

Question 40

what type of dogs have genetic mutation in copper transport proteins

Answer 40

Bedlington terrier

Question 41

what type of dog has familial association for copper-associated hepatopathy

Answer 41

West Highland white terrier, Dalmatian

Question 42

what type of dog has breed predisposition for copper-associated hepatopathy

Answer 42

Doberman pinschers, Labrador retrievers, and cocker spaniels

Question 43

Multifocal Random necrosis is caused by

Answer 43

Infectious agents (virus, protozoa, bacteria)

Question 44

massive necrosis is caused by

Answer 44

Toxic and nutritional

Question 45

zonal necrosis is caused by

Answer 45

toxic or hypoxia (zone 3) Centrilobular (periacinar / zone 3) Midzonal (midacinar / zone 2) - rare Periportal (centroacinar / zone 1)

Question 46

inflammation of the liver parenchyma

Answer 46

Hepatitis

Question 47

inflammation of the bile ducts

Answer 47

Cholangitis

Question 48

inflammation of the bile ducts with extension into the liver parenchyma

Answer 48

Cholangiohepatitis:

Question 49

inflammation of the gall bladder

Answer 49

Cholecystitis

Question 50

inflammation of the bile ducts

Answer 50

Choledochitis

Question 51

Bile stasis is also called

Answer 51

cholestasis

Question 52

cholestasis is caused by

Answer 52

toxins, inflammation, duct obstruction

Question 53

cholestasis will cause increased --- in circulation

Answer 53

inducible enzymes Alkaline Phosphatase- ALP-dogs and cats Gammaglutamyl Transpeptide –GGT-Liver and Biliary-All Species

Question 54

--- is severe diffuse (bridging) hepatic fibrosis with nodular regeneration and bile duct hyperplasia

Answer 54

cirrhosis

Question 55

necrosis and inflammation in the liver can lead to

Answer 55

Regeneration Fibrosis Bile Duct Hyperplasia Cirrhosis

Question 56

liver

Answer 56

Fibrosis and Nodular Regeneration

Question 57

Cirrhosis

Answer 57

severe diffuse (bridging) hepatic fibrosis with nodular regeneration and bile duct hyperplasia

Question 58

cirrhosis leads to

Answer 58

portal hypertension→ multiple acquired portosystemic shunts, ascites Loss of hepatic function →insufficiency → failure Coagulopathies Hyperbilirubinemia Hepatoencephalopathy Edema, Ascites (hypoproteinemia) Photosensitization