Test 3: repro Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
— maintain the blood testis barrier
A
sertoli cells
provide support and nutrients
2
Q
— make testosterone in the testis
A
leydig cells
interstitial endocrine cells
3
Q
what is the fibrous capsule outside the testis
A
tunica albuginea
4
Q
what is the function of seminiferous tubulues?
A
germ cell and spermatozoa
Spermatogonia → spermatocytes → spermatids→
spermatozoa
5
Q
where do sperm mature
A
epididymis
head, body and tail
long coiled tube lined by ciliated columnar epithelium
6
Q
— have erectile penis; prepuce produces smegma
A
horse
7
Q
— have long fibrous penis with some erectile tissue, sigmoid flexure, retractor muscle
A
ruminants and pigs
8
Q
what is the urethral process at the end of sheep penis
A
vermiform appendage
9
Q
— have erectile penis with bone (os penis)
A
dog and cat
10
Q
make makes a male
A
SRY
anti mullerian hormone
XY
Testosterone from leydig cells
Dihydrotestosterone
11
Q
4 portals of entry to the male repro
A
- DIRECT PENETRATION (e.g., trauma)
- ASCENDING INFECTION (e.g., E. coli)
- HEMATOGENOUS LOCALIZATION
(e.g., Brucella spp.) - PERITONEAL SPREAD (e.g., FIP)
12
Q
fluid build up between the tunic layers is called
A
hydrocele
connected to the peritoneum
13
Q
periorchitis
A
spread of peritonitis into the vaginal tunic
e.g., polyserositis in pigs, FIP in cat
14
Q
what are some cancers of the vaginal tunic
A
mesothelioma
peritoneal carcinomatosis
15
Q
what are 4 things that cause increased testis size
A
testicular hypertrophy
inflammation
cancer
torsion
16
Q
— is Common disorder of sexual development characterized by incomplete testicular descent
A
cryptorchidism
17
Q
what happens with cryptorchidism
A
genetic trait
can cause testicular atrophy, torsion and neoplasia
18
Q
how to tell hypoplasia vs atrophy of testis
A
hypoplasia- small epididymis and testis
atrophy- epididymis normal sized
19
Q
— is Testis does not reach full size at puberty
A
hypoplasia
will have small epididymis and testis
20
Q
— is Testis decreases in size after
puberty due to degeneration
A
atrophy
will have normal sized epididymis
can be resolved if germ cells remain
21
Q
testis
A
granulomatous inflammation
due to free spermatozoa released from the seminiferous tubules into the interstitium and causing inflammation
22
Q
what causes epididymitis
A
Mostly ascending (e.g., Actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus somni, E. coli)
Brucella spp. (hematogenous)
23
Q
epididymitis is usually bilateral or unilateral
A
unilateral
24
Q
epididymitis is usually caused by ascending infection what is the exception
A
Brucella spp. (hematogenous)
25
Possible sequelae of epididymitis
* Testicular atrophy (degeneration)
* Adhesions between vaginal tunics
26
orchitis is
inflammation of the testis
27
primary orchitis usually ---
hematogenous
can be ascending from epididymitis
Brucella spp. in multiple species
* Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in rams, bucks
* FIP in cats
28
what are some things that cause orchitis
Brucella spp. in multiple species
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in rams, bucks
FIP in cats
29
three types of neoplasia of the testis
GERM CELL TUMORS:
* SEMINOMA
* TERATOMA
SEX CORD-STROMAL TUMORS:
* INTERSTITIAL (LEYDIG) CELL TUMOR
* SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
MIXED TUMORS
30
testicular neoplasia are normally malignant or benign?
benign
31
white, soft, bulging testis cancer
seminoma
Most common type in stallion,
2nd most common in dog
32
seminomas are common in ---
Most common type in stallion,
2nd most common in dog
white, soft, bulging germ cell tumor
33
Yellow, soft, hemorrhage testis tumor
Interstitial cell tumor (leydig)
Most common type in bull, dog, cat
May produce hormones (e.g., testosterone)
34
interstitial cell tumors produce ---
testosterone
yellow, soft, hemorrhage
most common testis tumor in bull, dog and cat
35
sertoli cell tumors are common in ---
3rd most common type in dog;
rare in other species
36
white, firm, lobulated testis tumor
Sertoli cell tumor
3rd most common type in dog; rare in other species
May produce hormones (e.g., estrogen or inhibin)
37
sertoli cell tumors may produce ---
estrogen or inhibin
3rd most common type in dog; rare in other species
38
dilation/tortuosity of veins of pampiniform plexus + thrombosis
VARICOCELE
39
twisting of spermatic cord; usually in retained testes, esp. if neoplasm present
torsion
40
inflammation of spermatic cord
FUNICULITIS
Follows contamination of castration wound
“Scirrhous cord” when chronic
41
what is a differential diagnosis for swelling in the region of the scrotum
inguinal/scrotal hernia
varicocele- dilation of the pampiniform plexus +/- thrombus
torsion
funiculitis- inflammation
42
prostatic --- is common following castration
atrophy
43
prostatitis is caused by hematogenous infection by --- or by ascending infection by ---
Brucella
E. coli, Proteus
44
benign prostatic hyperplasia
caused by estrogen and testosterone
can cause obstipation or urethral obstruction
45
inability to extrude
penis
phimosis
46
inability to retract penis into prepuce
paraphimosis
47
persistent erection
priapism
48
band of tissue between the ventral raphe of penis & prepuce
PERSISTENT PENILE FRENULUM
49
inflammation of penis
phallitis
50
inflammation of head (glans) of penis
balanitis
51
inflammation of prepuce
posthitis
52
inflammation of penis & prepuce
balanoposthitis
53
Corynebacterium renale causes
pizzle rot
ovine posthitis
urease-producing bacteria
caused by high protein diet → high urea concentration in urine → bacteria convert urea to ammonia (cytotoxic) → ulceration near preputial orifice
54
what causes this
aberrant migration of Habronema muscae larvae
Equine penile habronemiasis
Differential diagnosis includes exuberant granulation tissue, sarcoid
55
TVT effects
male and female Canine transmissible venereal tumor
Large round cells, lightly staining cytoplasm with peripheral vacuoles
May spontaneously regress
56
TVT will look like what microscopically?
Canine transmissible venereal tumor
Large round cells, lightly staining cytoplasm with peripheral vacuoles
57
Equine penile squamous cell carcinoma is associated with ---
equine (Equus caballus)
papillomavirus-2
keratin pearls
58
Bovine penile fibropapilloma is caused by
bovine papillomavirus-1
Similar appearance to equine sarcoid (neoplasm associated with bovine papillomavirus-1/2
infection in horses)
59
ovary capsule in lined by
surface epithelium
60
uterine tubes are lined by
ciliated columnar epithelium
61
cervix, vagina and vulva are lined by
stratified squamous epithelium
62
what makes a female
XX
FOXL2 → ovarian development and inhibits testis development
Mullerian ducts
urogenital sinus
63
freemartinism
male and female twin cows
male hormones causes females to develop incorrectly
small ovaries, hypoplastic vagina ect.
64
ovary
intraovarian cysts- follicular cysts or remnant of embryonal structure
65
germ cell tumors in ovaries
DYSGERMINOMA (analogous to testicular
seminoma; similar gross appearance)
TERATOMA
66
sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary
granulosa cell tumors- similar to sertoli cell tumor in males
thecoma
luteoma
67
Arises from totipotential primordial germ cells of
teratoma
contains at least 2-3 embryonic germ layers
68
granulosa cell tumors look
Firm, tan, multiloculated; atrophy of contralateral ovary
most common ovarian cancer in large animals
produce: AMH, astrogen, androgens and inhibin
69
granulosa cell tumors make
AMH, astrogen, androgens and inhibin
firm, tan, multilocaulated with atrophy of contralateral ovary
70
inflammation of uterine tube, usually due to ascending bacterial infection
SALPINGITIS
71
what are two non inflammatory uterus disorders caused by acquired or congenital obstruction
hydrometra
mucometra
72
two types of endometrial hyperplasia
segmental/pseudoplacentational
generalized cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)
73
Is endometrial hyperplasia an indication of neoplasia?
no, but can lead to infection
74
--- occurs in early diestrus (requires estrogen priming followed by progesterone)
GENERALIZED cystic endometrial hyperplasia
(CEH)
75
uterine inflammation is usually due to
ascending infection when cervix is open (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma)
otherwise hematogenous (brucellosis, salmonellosis, pestivirus, herpesvirus, fungal infections)
76
inflammation of all layers of uterine wall (more severe)
metritis
77
pyometra can result in
septicemia, endotoxemia,
uterine rupture/septic peritonitis and death
78
how can bacteria cause hyperplasia and pyometra in canines
Prolonged progesterone elevation during luteal
phase → increased endometrial sensitivity to irritation (e.g., trauma, mild bacterial infection) → CEH (cystic endometrial hyperplasia) → accumulation of endometrial secretions in uterine lumen providing environment for massive bacterial proliferation → suppurative inflammation & luminal exudate (PYOMETRA)
79
what are some common uterine neoplasias
LYMPHOSARCOMA:
LEIOMYOMA:
UTERINE (ENDOMETRIAL) CARCINOMA:
80
uterine lymphosarcoma are associated with
BLV (bovine leukemia virus)
also attacks the right
atrium, abomasum, uterus, spinal canal, retrobulbar region, kidney, lymph nodes
81
uterus firm rubber ball tumor
leiomyoma-
benign smooth muscle tumor
82
leiomyoma are benign or malignant?
benign
83
uterine carcinomas are benign or malignant
metastasize to regional lymph nodes, lungs, or seed abdominal serosa (carcinomatosis)
84
vaginal polys are often ---, with stalk attached to
vaginal wall
solitary and benign
85
SCC of the vulva is most common in ---
cow, ewe, and mare
UV exposure from tail docking
metastasize to the iliac lymph nodes
86
how to tell leiomyoma from poly
histopath
87
what are three common vulvar neoplasia
SCC- light exposure- malignant (keratin pearls)
vaginal leiomyoma- benign
canine transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)- round cell tumor that may spontaneously regress
88
equine coital exanthema is caused by
equine herpesvirus-3
type of vulvar inflammation
Venereal spread; characterized by vesicles & erosions of external genitalia in mares & stallions (transient)
Depigmentation with healing
89
bovine infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (balanoposthitis) is caused by
bovine herpesvirus-1
Transmitted by coitus, artificial insemination + nose-to-vulva contact; characterized by hyperemia & edema →petechial
hemorrhages & erosions/ulcers
* Resolution of disease is rapid
90
mammary glands are modified ---
apocrine sweat glands
91
mammary alveoli lined by
luminal secretory
---, surrounded by basal
---
epithelium
myoepithelium
92
milk retention (failure of milk letdown)
GALACTOSTASIs
93
inappropriate
lactation/precocious lactation
GALACTORRHEA
94
failure of milk
production (rare)
Aglactia
95
Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia in cats is enlargement of the
epithelial ductal cells and surrounding stroma
MAMMARY GLAND HYPERPLASIA
96
canine mammary neoplasia are benign or malignant
benign
97
what increases the chance of dog getting mammary tumor
age and hormones
(if not spayed)
benign but very common in dogs
hyperplasia → dysplasia → neoplasia
98
feline mammary neoplasia are normally ---
malignant
3rd most common neoplasm in cats (1= LSA, 2= SCC)
99
feline mammary hyperplasia can progress to ---
adenoma →carcinoma (malignant)
Metastasize to regional lymph nodes, lungs, or other mammary glands; interval between diagnosis & death is often short
100
large animal mammary tumors are ---
uncommon
seldom metastasize
101
chorioallantosis will touch
endometrium of mother
can be diffuse, cotyledonary or zonary
102
allantosis holds ---
fetal waste
103
umbilical cord includes
umbilical vein- oxygen to fetus
paired umbilical arteries- waste from fetus
urachus- empties fetal bladder
104
amniotic plaques are
incidental finding
raised plaques
105
rubbery mass in placenta
hippomane
incidental finding
106
adventitial placentation
incidental
107
fetal membranes
mineralization
incidental finding
108
malformed twin (acardiac monster)
incidental finding
109
embryonic death is from day ---
<35-45 day in large animals
<20 days in small animals
110
fetus
maceration
bacteria in uterus breaks down fetus, bones remain
111
what to look for in fetal pathology
gestational age
aeration of lungs
fetal hypoxia, malformation, infection
112
meconium release
indicator of fetal hypoxia
113
what are some non infectious causes of abortion in horses
umbilical cord torsion
premature placental separation- red bag delivery
placental insufficiency- twins or previous endometritis
114
common toxic cause of abortion
Veratrum californicum
115
--- is the most common ovarian neoplasm we encounter in large animals, and it is especially common in mares.
granulosa cell tumor
116
granulosa cell tumor
The neoplastic granulosa cells often line follicle-like cavities separated by a supporting stroma or theca cells. This follicle-like arrangement gives the tumors their characteristic multiloculated (polycystic) appearance
117
GCTs are usually --- and --- but often produce hormones
unilateral
benign
118
granulosa cell tumors produce what hormones
anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), estrogens, androgens, and/or inhibin (which inhibits release of follicle-stimulating hormone)
119
what happens to the opposite ovary with a granulosa cell tumor
atrophy
120
what are some behavior patterns caused by granulosa cell tumor
Anestrous (excess inhibin)
Continuous or intermittent estrus (excess estrogens)
Male behavior (excess androgens).
121
--- is the male counterpart of the female GCT.
sertoli cell tumor
122
sertoli cell tumors are common in what animal
dogs
rare in other species
123
what does sertoli cell tumor look like
firm, white lobulated
124
The neoplastic --- can have an intratubular or diffuse arrangement and are often separated by a dense fibrous connective tissue stroma, making the tumor feel much firmer than a --- (which is usually soft and white) or --- (which is usually soft and yellow).
Sertoli cells
seminoma
interstitial cell tumor
125
sertoli cells tumors produce ---
estrogen or inhibin
cause feminization of the dog
male mammary gland development (gynecomastia) and atrophy of the opposite testis.
126
male mammary gland development
(gynecomastia)
caused by sertoli cell tumor making estrogen and inhibin
127
clinical signs of sertoli cell tumor
(gynecomastia) and atrophy of the opposite testis.
symmetrical hair loss (alopecia)
hyperpigmentation
squamous metaplasia of the prostatic epithelium (often accompanied by prostatitis), and bone marrow suppression leading to pancytopenia (decreased number of red and white blood cells and platelets)
128
--- is inflammation of the mammary gland
mastitis
129
mastitis is usually a response to --- infection that enters the mammary gland via a --- through the teat canal and duct system, though other routes of infection (such as hematogenous spread and direct penetration) are also possible.
bacterial
ascending route
130
pathogens can be classified as --- (primary reservoir is the cow; often transmitted during milking), ---, or both:
contagious (step agalactiae, staph aureus, mycoplasma)
environmental (E. coli, trueperella pyogenes
Both (Strep dysgalactiae)
131
Mammary gland masses are extremely common in ---, less common in --- , and rare in ---
dogs
cats
other species
132
--- is a distinctive form of mammary hyperplasia common in young intact female cats with a high serum progesterone concentration (e.g., during luteal phase of estrus, early pregnancy, or after progestin therapy)
Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
133
Dilated mammary ducts also called
duct ectasia
134
--- is another non-neoplastic cause of gland enlargement and may involve the epithelium of a duct (papillary hyperplasia) or lobule (lobular hyperplasia).
Mammary hyperplasia
135
Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
non-neoplastic
resolves with spay
136
--- are most common in the dog and are usually well-circumscribed and well-differentiated.
Benign mammary neoplasms
137
proliferation of both epithelial( tubular) and myoepithelial cells
mammary neoplasms
complex adenoma
138
proliferaion of epithelial and myoepithelial cells with foci of cartilage and bone
type of mammary neoplasms
benign mixed tumor
139
malignant mammary neoplasm undergo --- to make them very firm
desmoplasia
140
highly malignant type of mammary carcinoma in dogs
Anaplastic carcinoma
“inflammatory carcinoma” due to the swollen, red, warm appearance of the affected mammary gland.
Microscopically, the neoplastic anaplastic epithelial cells are poorly-differentiated with intervening desmoplasia and frequent invasion/occlusion of superficial dermal lymphatic vessels
141
what is the prognosis of dog with anaplastic carcinoma in the mammary gland
poor
142
grade 1 or 3 mammary carcinoma is worse?
grade 3
143
how to start fetal autopsy
body weight, crown-rump length, and developmental feature
144
what disease
equine herpesvirus 1
145
equine herpesvirus 1 will cause --- microscopically
Epithelial necrosis and intranuclear inclusion bodies
146
cause later term abortion
bullseye target
Campylobacter spp
147
Toxoplasma gondii
148
three bacterial causes of abortion that are zoonotic
149
what are come unique neonatal features
Pale pink-tan skeletal muscle (rather than red)
Predominantly brown fat distributed along the back (rather than white fat surrounding the organs)
Thymus occupies most of the cranial mediastinum
Thin renal cortex with fetal glomeruli (still developing)
Soft/mushy brain
Incomplete ossification of bone
Eyes and ears closed (depending on species)
150
fetal malformations fall into what 4 categories
1. Arrest in development
2. Failure to close
3. Failure to regress
4. Duplication
151
Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in a smaller than normal testis?
Cryptorchidism
Testicular hypoplasia
Testicular degeneration
Orchitis
Orchitis
152
true or false
Testicular hypoplasia is readily distinguished from testicular atrophy by histopathology.
false
hard to tell apart
153
Most infectious causes of orchitis/epididymitis arrive via the --- route. A classic exception is brucellosis, which is typically the result of --- infection with Brucella spp.
ascending
hematogenous
154
Mammary neoplasms in cats are usually ----, while mammary neoplasms in dogs are more often ---
malignant
benign
155
Non-infectious causes of pregnancy failure are uncommon in horses.
true or false
false
156
true or false
Endometrial hyperplasia often progresses to neoplasia in dogs
false
does not lead to cancer, but can cause infection
mammary hyperplasia can lead to cancer (dogs- benign, cats- malignant)
157
A soft white bulging neoplasm in a testis is most likely a ---.
A soft white bulging neoplasm in a ovary is most likely a ---
seminoma (most common in horse, 2nd in dogs)- germ cell tumor
dysgerminoma - germ cell tumor
