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bio 111 > unit 12 (respiratory) > Flashcards

unit 12 (respiratory) Flashcards

1
Q

several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system

A

mucus membranes
tonsils
hairs
cilia
epiglottis
macrophages in lungs

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2
Q

structure of lungs and pleural coverings

A

apex
base
serosa covers lungs
pleural fluid
bronchial tree
respiratory zone
conducting zone
alveoli (simple squamous, thin, holes)
pulmonary capillaries

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3
Q

structure of respiratory membrane

A

air blood barrier
formed by alveolar and capillary walls
diffusion
macrophages

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4
Q

cellular respiration

A

use of oxygen to produce atp and co2

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5
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli; blood and body exterior; diffusion

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6
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and cells inside the body

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7
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing; air moving in and out of lungs so gases in alveoli are refreshed; volume changes in thoracic cavity leading to pressure changes

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8
Q

inspiration

A

air flowing into the lungs

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9
Q

expiration

A

air leaving the lungs

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10
Q

pressure and volume relationship

A

change in volume = change in pressure
more volume = dec in pressure
mechanical process

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11
Q

how respiratory muscles cause volume changes

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles; contract on inspiration

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12
Q

tidal volume

A

normal quiet breathing

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13
Q

vital capacity

A

total amount of exchangeable air

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14
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

forcibly exhale too much after tidal expiration

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15
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

forcibly inhaling too much over tidal volume

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16
Q

residual air

A

air remains in lungs and cannot voluntarily be expelled; after exhaling; always air in lungs

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17
Q

several non respiratory air movements

A

cough and sneeze - clears lungs of debris
crying and laughing - emotionally induced
hiccups - sudden inspirations
yawn - very deep inspirations

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18
Q

process of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues

A

lungs: external respiration; o2 loaded in
blood: internal respiration; co2 loaded out
diffusion

19
Q

oxygen transported in the blood

A

most travels attached to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin in RBC

20
Q

carbon dioxide transported in the blood

A

transported in plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

21
Q

areas of brain involved in the control of respiration

A

medulla: sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker
pons: smoothes out respiratory rate

22
Q

several factors that influence respiratory rate

A

co2, o2, HCO3-
physical, emotional, volition

23
Q

relative importance of o2 and co2 in modifying breathing rate and depth

A

inc in co2 increases rate of breathing; oxygen comes in when there is too much co2 to lower the rate back down; can’t hold breath for too long because it goes against what your body is designed to do

24
Q

apnea

A

stop breathing when sleeping

25
Q

hyperventilation

A

rising co2 levels; breathe faster to get rid of co2

26
Q

hypoventilation

A

blood becomes alkaline; slow for co2 to accumulate in blood

27
Q

COPD

A

caused by smoking; dyspnea and coughing

28
Q

lung cancer

A

caused by smoking and ragon gas in house

29
Q

changes in respiratory system from infant to old age

A

lungs don’t fully inflate till 2 wks after birth; surfactant is formed late in pregnancy (28-30wks); respiratory rate changes over time (Inc, dec, inc)

30
Q

path of air

A

nose - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - lungs - alveoli

31
Q

olfactory receptors

A

moisten air, trap foreign particles, enzymes that destroy bacteria chemically

32
Q

sinuses

A

lighten skull, resonance chambers for speech, produce mucus

33
Q

nasopharynx

A

behind nose

34
Q

oropharynx

A

behind mouth

35
Q

laryngopharynx

A

attached to larynx

36
Q

trachea is made of

A

ciliated mucosa

37
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

always negative; prevents lung collapse

38
Q

dead space volume

A

remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli

39
Q

vital capacity =

A

TV + IRV + ERV

40
Q

spirometer

A

measures respiratory capacities

41
Q

total lung capacity

A

residual volume is added to vital capacity

42
Q

H2CO3

A

buffer for pH change

43
Q

low pH

A

acidosis

44
Q

high pH

A

alkalosis

bio 111 (19 decks)

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