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bio 111 > unit 7 > Flashcards

unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

cns

A

-brain and spinal cord
-command center
-closed system
-interprets incoming info and issues outgoing instructions

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2
Q

pns

A

-cranial and spinal nerves (anything outside of cns)
-open system with fewer supporting cells
-communication lines; carries impulses

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3
Q

sensory division

A

afferent; nerve fibers carrying info to cns; somatic and visceral organs

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4
Q

motor division

A

efferent; nerve fibers carrying info away from cns;

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5
Q

somatic

A

skeletal muscles, skin, and joints

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6
Q

voluntary

A

just skeletal muscles

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7
Q

autonomic

A

involuntary; cardiac and smooth muscle glands; into parasympathetic and sympathetic

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8
Q

neurons

A

actual nerve cell that sends and receives messages

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9
Q

neuroglia

A

supporting cells; never lose ability to divide; support, insulate, and protect neuron; do not conduct nerve signals

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10
Q

general structure of neuron

A

cell body and processes

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11
Q

cell body

A

nucleus (decision maker-control center)

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12
Q

processes

A

bring in or send away messages; fibers that extend away from cell body (dendrites and axon)

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13
Q

myelin sheath

A

-white fatty protein covering axon
-schwann cells wrap like jelly roll
-protect and insulate nerve fibers and speed up nerve transmission

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14
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies

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15
Q

white matter

A

myelinated fibers (tracts) - axons; corpus callosum - association fiber tracts and projection fiber tracts

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16
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory and motor neurons

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17
Q

types of general sensory receptors

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

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18
Q

multipolar neurons

A

extensions; motor and interneurons; most common

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19
Q

bipolar neurons

A

one axon and one dendrite; sense organs; rare

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20
Q

unipolar neurons

A

sensory in pns ganglia; impulses both away and toward

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21
Q

reflex arc

A

reflexes occur over neural pathways

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22
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary; somatic and autonomic

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23
Q

2 neuron reflex arc

A

patella and knee reflex

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24
Q

3 neuron reflex arc

A

(5 elements of reflex arc) receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector; flexor (withdrawal) reflex

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25
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

large halves or brain; gyrus, sulcus, and longitudinal fissure; cortex (gray matter), white matter, basal nuclei (deep pockets of gray matter)

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26
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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27
Q

brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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28
Q

cerebellum

A

controls balance and coordination; gray and white matter

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29
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer; 2 layers

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30
Q

arachnoid

A

middle layer; subarachnoid space for cerebrospinal fluid

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31
Q

pia mater

A

internal most layer

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32
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

continually made by choroid plexuses; special capillaries

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33
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

allows water, glucose, and amino acids to pass through capillary walls

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34
Q

concussion

A

slight brain injury; little permanent brain damage

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35
Q

brain contusion (skull smashed)

A

marked nervous tissue destruction occurs; coma

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36
Q

intracranial hemorrhage

A

death; direct blood contact

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37
Q

cerebral edema

A

death; swelling in or around brain

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38
Q

CVA

A

stroke; blocked brain circulation and kills tissue

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39
Q

TIA

A

temporary restricted blood flow; numbness

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40
Q

alzheimers

A

dementia

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41
Q

parkinsons

A

basal nuclei problem; posture and movement

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42
Q

huntingtons

A

genetic disease - basal nuclei - cerebral cortex; wild movements and spastic; lack of focus, fatigue, and irritability

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43
Q

general organization of spinal cord

A

cauda equina, gray matter (cell bodies), white matter (myelinated fiber tracts)

44
Q

general structure of nerve

A

endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium

45
Q

parasympathetic division

A

acetylcholine; brain stem; rest and digest: digestion, defecation, and diuresis (urination); heart rate slows

46
Q

sympathetic division

A

epinephrine; spine; fight or flight: exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment; digestive process slows

47
Q

spina bifida

A

vertebrae forms incompletely; dimple to functionless spinal cord; can’t control bowel movements or bladder and lower limbs are paralyzed

48
Q

anencephaly

A

birth defect where cerebrum fails to develop; can’t see, hear, or process sensory info

49
Q

cerebral palsy

A

temporary lack of oxygen; voluntary muscles are poorly controlled and spastic; seizures, intellectually disabled, and impaired hearing or vision

50
Q

senility

A

gradual decline of oxygen from aging process; forgetfulness, irritability, difficulty concentrating and thinking clearly and confusion

51
Q

brain functions

A

sensory input, motor output, and integration

52
Q

microglia

A

cns; phagocytosis

53
Q

ependymal

A

cns; circulate spinal fluid

54
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

cns; wrap around nerve fibers to insulate them

55
Q

Schwann cells

A

pns; form myelin sheath to wrap around nerve fibers; more rapid transmission of nerve signals

56
Q

satellite cells

A

pns; protect and cushion neuron cell bodies (axon)

57
Q

dendrites

A

toward body

58
Q

axon

A

away from body to axon terminal (end with gap)

59
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap between terminals and neuron

60
Q

synapse

A

functional junction between nerves where a nerve impulse is transmitted; where two neurons meet but don’t touch

61
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath along the
axon

62
Q

tracts

A

bundles of nerve fibers in CNS; commissures

63
Q

nerves

A

bundles of nerve fibers in PNS

64
Q

ganglia

A

collections of cell bodies outside CNS and inside PNS

65
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies in CNS

66
Q

free nerve endings

A

pain and temp receptors

67
Q

meissners corpuscle

A

touch receptors

68
Q

lamellar corpuscle

A

deep pressure receptors (pushing down of something)

69
Q

Golgi tendon organ (proprioceptors)

A

lifting heavy weights

70
Q

muscle spinder (proprioceptors)

A

lifting heavy things and needs to release before straining

71
Q

5 basic elements of reflex arcs

A

-sensory receptor (touch)
-sensory neuron (entering spine)
-integration center (cns-attaching to motor neuron)
-motor neuron (sending to effector organ)
-effector organ (muscle movement)

72
Q

cerebral cortex

A

-primary somatic area in parietal lobe
-visual (occipital)
-auditory and olfactory (temporal)
-primary motor (frontal)
-brocas area (speech)

73
Q

association fiber tracts

A

connect areas within a hemisphere

74
Q

projection fiber tracts

A

connect the cerebrum with lower CNS centers

75
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects hemispheres

76
Q

thalamus

A

distributes sensory receptors

77
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates body temp, water balance, and metabolism

78
Q

epithalamus

A

forms melatonin by pineal body

79
Q

medulla oblongata

A

heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

80
Q

reticular formation

A

gray matter along brain stem

81
Q

ventricles

A

make cerebrospinal fluid; a space

82
Q

order of ventricles

A

lateral - 3rd - aqueduct - 4th

83
Q

4 plexuses

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

84
Q

plexus

A

networks of nerves serving motor and
sensory needs of the limbs

85
Q

cervical plexus

A

phrenic nerve for breathing

86
Q

brachial plexus

A

arm

87
Q

lumbar plexus

A

front of leg

88
Q

sacral plexus

A

back of leg

89
Q

premature babies have trouble with what

A

regulating body temperature because the hypothalamus is the last to develop

90
Q

axon hillock

A

where axon arises from cell body

91
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

nerve damage disrupts communication between the brain and the body; vision loss, pain, fatigue, and impaired coordination

92
Q

polarized

A

The cell plasma membrane at rest is described as inactive; positive on outside and negative on inside

93
Q

resting membrane potential (RMP)

A

the electrical potential inside the cell relative to the adjacent extracellular space

94
Q

depolarization

A

The inward rush of sodium ions changes the polarity at that site; negative on outside and positive on inside

95
Q

graded potential

A

localized depolarization; exists
where the inside of the membrane is more positive and the outside is less positive

96
Q

action potential (nerve impulse)

A

if the stimulus is strong enough and sodium influx great enough, local depolarization activates the neuron to conduct an action potential

97
Q

repolarization

A

restoring the inside of the membrane to a negative charge and the outer surface to a positive charge; when the neuron returns to its resting state - must do this before sending out another nerve signal

98
Q

propagation of action potential

A

All-or-none response means once it begins the nerve impulse will be propagated along the axon and will not stop until it reaches the axon terminal

99
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon

100
Q

synaptic transmission

A

the biological process by which a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse

101
Q

pyramidal (corticospinal) tract

A

provides voluntary control of muscular movements

102
Q

motor homunculus

A

a topographic representation of the body parts and its correspondents along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

103
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

regulating arousal and sleep−wake transitions

104
Q

meningitis

A

an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

105
Q

hydrocephalus

A

an abnormal buildup of fluid in the ventricles (cavities) deep within the brain

106
Q

cauda equina

A

a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the cord; Provides a two-way conduction pathway to and
from the brain; 31 pairs of spinal nerves

107
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical travels from axon of one neuron to dendrite on the next neuron

bio 111 (19 decks)

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