unit 7 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
cns
A
-brain and spinal cord
-command center
-closed system
-interprets incoming info and issues outgoing instructions
2
Q
pns
A
-cranial and spinal nerves (anything outside of cns)
-open system with fewer supporting cells
-communication lines; carries impulses
3
Q
sensory division
A
afferent; nerve fibers carrying info to cns; somatic and visceral organs
4
Q
motor division
A
efferent; nerve fibers carrying info away from cns;
5
Q
somatic
A
skeletal muscles, skin, and joints
6
Q
voluntary
A
just skeletal muscles
7
Q
autonomic
A
involuntary; cardiac and smooth muscle glands; into parasympathetic and sympathetic
8
Q
neurons
A
actual nerve cell that sends and receives messages
9
Q
neuroglia
A
supporting cells; never lose ability to divide; support, insulate, and protect neuron; do not conduct nerve signals
10
Q
general structure of neuron
A
cell body and processes
11
Q
cell body
A
nucleus (decision maker-control center)
12
Q
processes
A
bring in or send away messages; fibers that extend away from cell body (dendrites and axon)
13
Q
myelin sheath
A
-white fatty protein covering axon
-schwann cells wrap like jelly roll
-protect and insulate nerve fibers and speed up nerve transmission
14
Q
gray matter
A
unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies
15
Q
white matter
A
myelinated fibers (tracts) - axons; corpus callosum - association fiber tracts and projection fiber tracts
16
Q
interneurons
A
connect sensory and motor neurons
17
Q
types of general sensory receptors
A
multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
18
Q
multipolar neurons
A
extensions; motor and interneurons; most common
19
Q
bipolar neurons
A
one axon and one dendrite; sense organs; rare
20
Q
unipolar neurons
A
sensory in pns ganglia; impulses both away and toward
21
Q
reflex arc
A
reflexes occur over neural pathways
22
Q
reflexes
A
involuntary; somatic and autonomic
23
Q
2 neuron reflex arc
A
patella and knee reflex
24
Q
3 neuron reflex arc
A
(5 elements of reflex arc) receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector; flexor (withdrawal) reflex
25
cerebral hemispheres
large halves or brain; gyrus, sulcus, and longitudinal fissure; cortex (gray matter), white matter, basal nuclei (deep pockets of gray matter)
26
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
27
brain stem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
28
cerebellum
controls balance and coordination; gray and white matter
29
dura mater
outermost layer; 2 layers
30
arachnoid
middle layer; subarachnoid space for cerebrospinal fluid
31
pia mater
internal most layer
32
cerebrospinal fluid
continually made by choroid plexuses; special capillaries
33
blood-brain barrier
allows water, glucose, and amino acids to pass through capillary walls
34
concussion
slight brain injury; little permanent brain damage
35
brain contusion (skull smashed)
marked nervous tissue destruction occurs; coma
36
intracranial hemorrhage
death; direct blood contact
37
cerebral edema
death; swelling in or around brain
38
CVA
stroke; blocked brain circulation and kills tissue
39
TIA
temporary restricted blood flow; numbness
40
alzheimers
dementia
41
parkinsons
basal nuclei problem; posture and movement
42
huntingtons
genetic disease - basal nuclei - cerebral cortex; wild movements and spastic; lack of focus, fatigue, and irritability
43
general organization of spinal cord
cauda equina, gray matter (cell bodies), white matter (myelinated fiber tracts)
44
general structure of nerve
endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium
45
parasympathetic division
acetylcholine; brain stem; rest and digest: digestion, defecation, and diuresis (urination); heart rate slows
46
sympathetic division
epinephrine; spine; fight or flight: exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment; digestive process slows
47
spina bifida
vertebrae forms incompletely; dimple to functionless spinal cord; can't control bowel movements or bladder and lower limbs are paralyzed
48
anencephaly
birth defect where cerebrum fails to develop; can't see, hear, or process sensory info
49
cerebral palsy
temporary lack of oxygen; voluntary muscles are poorly controlled and spastic; seizures, intellectually disabled, and impaired hearing or vision
50
senility
gradual decline of oxygen from aging process; forgetfulness, irritability, difficulty concentrating and thinking clearly and confusion
51
brain functions
sensory input, motor output, and integration
52
microglia
cns; phagocytosis
53
ependymal
cns; circulate spinal fluid
54
oligodendrocytes
cns; wrap around nerve fibers to insulate them
55
Schwann cells
pns; form myelin sheath to wrap around nerve fibers; more rapid transmission of nerve signals
56
satellite cells
pns; protect and cushion neuron cell bodies (axon)
57
dendrites
toward body
58
axon
away from body to axon terminal (end with gap)
59
synaptic cleft
gap between terminals and neuron
60
synapse
functional junction between nerves where a nerve impulse is transmitted; where two neurons meet but don't touch
61
nodes of ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath along the
axon
62
tracts
bundles of nerve fibers in CNS; commissures
63
nerves
bundles of nerve fibers in PNS
64
ganglia
collections of cell bodies outside CNS and inside PNS
65
nuclei
clusters of cell bodies in CNS
66
free nerve endings
pain and temp receptors
67
meissners corpuscle
touch receptors
68
lamellar corpuscle
deep pressure receptors (pushing down of something)
69
Golgi tendon organ (proprioceptors)
lifting heavy weights
70
muscle spinder (proprioceptors)
lifting heavy things and needs to release before straining
71
5 basic elements of reflex arcs
-sensory receptor (touch)
-sensory neuron (entering spine)
-integration center (cns-attaching to motor neuron)
-motor neuron (sending to effector organ)
-effector organ (muscle movement)
72
cerebral cortex
-primary somatic area in parietal lobe
-visual (occipital)
-auditory and olfactory (temporal)
-primary motor (frontal)
-brocas area (speech)
73
association fiber tracts
connect areas within a hemisphere
74
projection fiber tracts
connect the cerebrum with lower CNS centers
75
corpus callosum
connects hemispheres
76
thalamus
distributes sensory receptors
77
hypothalamus
regulates body temp, water balance, and metabolism
78
epithalamus
forms melatonin by pineal body
79
medulla oblongata
heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting
80
reticular formation
gray matter along brain stem
81
ventricles
make cerebrospinal fluid; a space
82
order of ventricles
lateral - 3rd - aqueduct - 4th
83
4 plexuses
cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
84
plexus
networks of nerves serving motor and
sensory needs of the limbs
85
cervical plexus
phrenic nerve for breathing
86
brachial plexus
arm
87
lumbar plexus
front of leg
88
sacral plexus
back of leg
89
premature babies have trouble with what
regulating body temperature because the hypothalamus is the last to develop
90
axon hillock
where axon arises from cell body
91
multiple sclerosis (MS)
nerve damage disrupts communication between the brain and the body; vision loss, pain, fatigue, and impaired coordination
92
polarized
The cell plasma membrane at rest is described as inactive; positive on outside and negative on inside
93
resting membrane potential (RMP)
the electrical potential inside the cell relative to the adjacent extracellular space
94
depolarization
The inward rush of sodium ions changes the polarity at that site; negative on outside and positive on inside
95
graded potential
localized depolarization; exists
where the inside of the membrane is more positive and the outside is less positive
96
action potential (nerve impulse)
if the stimulus is strong enough and sodium influx great enough, local depolarization activates the neuron to conduct an action potential
97
repolarization
restoring the inside of the membrane to a negative charge and the outer surface to a positive charge; when the neuron returns to its resting state - must do this before sending out another nerve signal
98
propagation of action potential
All-or-none response means once it begins the nerve impulse will be propagated along the axon and will not stop until it reaches the axon terminal
99
saltatory conduction
the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon
100
synaptic transmission
the biological process by which a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse
101
pyramidal (corticospinal) tract
provides voluntary control of muscular movements
102
motor homunculus
a topographic representation of the body parts and its correspondents along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
103
reticular activating system (RAS)
regulating arousal and sleep−wake transitions
104
meningitis
an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
105
hydrocephalus
an abnormal buildup of fluid in the ventricles (cavities) deep within the brain
106
cauda equina
a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the cord; Provides a two-way conduction pathway to and
from the brain; 31 pairs of spinal nerves
107
neurotransmitter
chemical travels from axon of one neuron to dendrite on the next neuron
