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bio 111 > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

cranial, facial, and vertebral columns

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

126 of 206 bones; pectoral girdle, upper and lower limb bones, pelvic girdle; attached axial skeleton

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3
Q

5 major functions of skeletal system

A

support
protection
movement
stores minerals and fats
blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

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4
Q

microscopic structure of compact bone

A

dense, smooth, and homogeneous; formed of osteons (osteocytes, lacunae, lamellae, central canal, canaliculi)

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5
Q

microscopic structure of spongy bone

A

needlelike pieces of bones; many open spaces; formed of trabeculae; blood cell formation in open spaces

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6
Q

4 main groups of bones

A

long, flat, short, irregular

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7
Q

long bone

A

bones that are longer than they are wide
- upper and lower appendages
- mostly compact bone and spongy bone at the ends
ex: femur, humerus, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

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8
Q

short bone

A

bones of the wrist and ankles
- cube shaped
- mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
ex: patella and sesamoid

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9
Q

flat bone

A

These bones are thin, flat, and curved
- two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a layer of spongy bone between them
- more hematopoiesis occurs in flat bones than long bones
ex: cranium, ribs, sternum, scapula

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10
Q

irregular bone

A

face, vertebrae, os coxa/pelvis

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11
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of bones; spongy bone (hematopoiesis), articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

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12
Q

diaphysis

A

compact bone; covered by periosteum

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13
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous connective membrane around bones

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14
Q

endosteum

A

connective tissue lining inside of shaft; contains medullary cavity (yellow marrow)

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15
Q

bone salts

A

make the bone hard to resist compression; nonliving portion of bone

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16
Q

organic matrix (organic parts of bone)

A

collagen fibers; provide bones flexibility and ability to stretch without breaking

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17
Q

bone formation

A

ossification; hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes; osteoblasts and osteocytes; growth and sex hormones

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18
Q

bone remodeling

A

remodels in response to calcium ion level and pull of gravity and muscles; parathyroid and calcitonin hormones; osteoclasts

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19
Q

simple fracture

A

closed; doesn’t penetrate skin

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20
Q

compound fracture

A

open; broken bone that does penetrate through skin

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21
Q

4 stages of bone fracture healing

A

(6-8 weeks)
-hematoma (blood filled swelling, bruise)
-callus (fibrocartilage)
-bony callus (replaces fibrocartilage w bone)
-bone remodeling

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22
Q

fetus skull vs adult

A

fetus skull is larger compared to their face and body; by adulthood everything equals/balances out
- more bones than adult skull

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23
Q

fontanels

A

fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones (soft spots); allow compression for birthing

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24
Q

cervical vertebra

A

atlas (holds skull); axis (below allowing head to move); 3 holes = atlas; concave; 7 vertebrae

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25
Q

thoracic vertebra

A

allows for rotation; convex; 12 vertebrae

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26
Q

lumbar vertebra

A

no rotation; concave; 5 vertebrae; most likely to injure

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27
Q

sacrum vertebra

A

fuses; convex; 5 vertebrae

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28
Q

coccyx vertebra

A

4 fused vertebrae; tailbone

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29
Q

intervertebral discs

A

fibrocartilage between vertebrae; cushion and absorb shock

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30
Q

spinal curvatures (differences)

A

primary (C-shaped in newborns) and secondary (S-shaped in adults)

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31
Q

scoliosis

A

sideways curvature of spine

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32
Q

lordosis

A

inward curvature of spine

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33
Q

kyphosis

A

vertebrae thins out and collapses; top of back is more rounded; hunchback

34
Q

components of thoracic cage

A

sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebra

35
Q

true ribs

A

1-7; attached directly to sternum by costal cartilage

36
Q

false ribs

A

8-12; attached indirectly or not attached at all

37
Q

floating ribs

A

11-12; no cartilage or attachments

38
Q

male vs female pelvis

A

pubic arch is wider on females; females is U shaped for childbirth and sacrum is left curved; males are V shaped

39
Q

specific pelvis bone

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

40
Q

entire pelvis bone

A

os coxa

41
Q

synarthroses

A

skull; immovable; fibrous

42
Q

amphiarthoses

A

spine; slightly movable, cartilage

43
Q

diarthroses

A

freely movable; synovial membrane; plane joint (spine, carpals), hinge joint (elbow), pivot joint (ulna, radius), condylar joint, saddle joint (opposition, thumb), ball and socket joint (shoulder)

44
Q

articular capsule

A

synovial joint; fibrous capsule on top of synovial membrane

45
Q

articular cartilage

A

synovial joint; end of bone

46
Q

synovial membrane

A

synovial joint; under fibrous layer

47
Q

synovial fluid

A

synovial joint; lubricates joints

48
Q

reinforcing ligaments

A

synovial joint; fibrous layer of the capsule is usually reinforced with ligaments

49
Q

joint cavity

A

enclosed by articular capsule; containing synovial fluid

50
Q

major changes in skeletal development

A

fetal: just hyaline and fibrous cartilage membranes (soft); bone is replacing cartilage as grows; face grows to balance cranium size

51
Q

rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency

52
Q

dislocation

A

separation of bones where they meet at a joint

53
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa

54
Q

sprain

A

stretching or tearing of ligaments at joint

55
Q

osetoarthritis

A

inflammation of bone at joint (wearing away of cartilage covering joint)

56
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune inflammation of synovial membrane at joint

57
Q

gouty arthritis

A

inflammation at joint by crystals of uric acid which isn’t cleared by kidneys

58
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone-thinning w old age

59
Q

epiphyseal line

A

in adults

60
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate in kids; fibrous tissue

61
Q

bone markings

A

sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, ligaments; projections begin w T; depressions or openings begin w F

62
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

released when calcium ion levels in blood are low

63
Q

calcitonin hormones

A

released when hypercalcemia; high blood calcium levels

64
Q

hyoid bone

A

upper jaw; movable base for tongue; helps w swallowing and speech

65
Q

types of vertebrae

A

vertebral foramen (spinal cord)
processes for muscles meet w ribs
discs between body
blood vessels through transverse process/foramen

66
Q

skeletal system

A

joints, ligaments, cartilage; fibrous cords binding bones together; divided into axial and appendicular

67
Q

medullary cavity

A

stores red and yellow bone marrow

68
Q

yellow marrow

A

stores fats

69
Q

red marrow

A

produces blood cells

70
Q

trabeculae

A

small needle-like pieces of bone
- also open spaces

71
Q

osteon (Haversian system)

A

structural and functional unit of compact bone; complex consisting of a central canal and matrix rings

72
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells; living cells in compact bone; custodians

73
Q

lacunae

A

Cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes, calcium and collagen fiber matrix

74
Q

lamellae

A

Concentric circles of lacunae situated around the central (Haversian) canal

75
Q

central canal (or Haversian canal)

A

Opening in the center of an osteon (Haversian system)
- Runs lengthwise through bone
- Carries blood vessels and nerves

76
Q

canaliculi

A
  • Tiny canals
  • Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
  • Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to blood/nutrient supply
77
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells; secrete bone matrix

78
Q

osteoclasts

A

remove bone from inner surface of diaphysis; bone destroying

79
Q

hematoma

A

blood-filling swell or bruise

80
Q

granulation tissue

A

delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into damaged area from undamaged blood vessels nearby

81
Q

pubic symphysis

A

cartilaginous joints formed by the pubic bones of the hip articulating anteriorly

82
Q

herniated discs

A

slipped discs; older age; weakening of ligaments in vertebral column

bio 111 (19 decks)

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