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bio 111 > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

axial skeleton

A

cranial, facial, and vertebral columns

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

126 of 206 bones; pectoral girdle, upper and lower limb bones, pelvic girdle; attached axial skeleton

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3
Q

5 major functions of skeletal system

A

support
protection
movement
stores minerals and fats
blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

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4
Q

microscopic structure of compact bone

A

dense, smooth, and homogeneous; formed of osteons (osteocytes, lacunae, lamellae, central canal, canaliculi)

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5
Q

microscopic structure of spongy bone

A

needlelike pieces of bones; many open spaces; formed of trabeculae; blood cell formation in open spaces

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6
Q

4 main groups of bones

A

long, flat, short, irregular

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7
Q

long bone

A

bones that are longer than they are wide
- upper and lower appendages
- mostly compact bone and spongy bone at the ends
ex: femur, humerus, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

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8
Q

short bone

A

bones of the wrist and ankles
- cube shaped
- mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
ex: patella and sesamoid

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9
Q

flat bone

A

These bones are thin, flat, and curved
- two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a layer of spongy bone between them
- more hematopoiesis occurs in flat bones than long bones
ex: cranium, ribs, sternum, scapula

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10
Q

irregular bone

A

face, vertebrae, os coxa/pelvis

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11
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of bones; spongy bone (hematopoiesis), articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

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12
Q

diaphysis

A

compact bone; covered by periosteum

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13
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous connective membrane around bones

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14
Q

endosteum

A

connective tissue lining inside of shaft; contains medullary cavity (yellow marrow)

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15
Q

bone salts

A

make the bone hard to resist compression; nonliving portion of bone

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16
Q

organic matrix (organic parts of bone)

A

collagen fibers; provide bones flexibility and ability to stretch without breaking

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17
Q

bone formation

A

ossification; hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes; osteoblasts and osteocytes; growth and sex hormones

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18
Q

bone remodeling

A

remodels in response to calcium ion level and pull of gravity and muscles; parathyroid and calcitonin hormones; osteoclasts

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19
Q

simple fracture

A

closed; doesn’t penetrate skin

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20
Q

compound fracture

A

open; broken bone that does penetrate through skin

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21
Q

4 stages of bone fracture healing

A

(6-8 weeks)
-hematoma (blood filled swelling, bruise)
-callus (fibrocartilage)
-bony callus (replaces fibrocartilage w bone)
-bone remodeling

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22
Q

fetus skull vs adult

A

fetus skull is larger compared to their face and body; by adulthood everything equals/balances out
- more bones than adult skull

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23
Q

fontanels

A

fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones (soft spots); allow compression for birthing

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24
Q

cervical vertebra

A

atlas (holds skull); axis (below allowing head to move); 3 holes = atlas; concave; 7 vertebrae

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25
thoracic vertebra
allows for rotation; convex; 12 vertebrae
26
lumbar vertebra
no rotation; concave; 5 vertebrae; most likely to injure
27
sacrum vertebra
fuses; convex; 5 vertebrae
28
coccyx vertebra
4 fused vertebrae; tailbone
29
intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage between vertebrae; cushion and absorb shock
30
spinal curvatures (differences)
primary (C-shaped in newborns) and secondary (S-shaped in adults)
31
scoliosis
sideways curvature of spine
32
lordosis
inward curvature of spine
33
kyphosis
vertebrae thins out and collapses; top of back is more rounded; hunchback
34
components of thoracic cage
sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebra
35
true ribs
1-7; attached directly to sternum by costal cartilage
36
false ribs
8-12; attached indirectly or not attached at all
37
floating ribs
11-12; no cartilage or attachments
38
male vs female pelvis
pubic arch is wider on females; females is U shaped for childbirth and sacrum is left curved; males are V shaped
39
specific pelvis bone
ilium, ischium, pubis
40
entire pelvis bone
os coxa
41
synarthroses
skull; immovable; fibrous
42
amphiarthoses
spine; slightly movable, cartilage
43
diarthroses
freely movable; synovial membrane; plane joint (spine, carpals), hinge joint (elbow), pivot joint (ulna, radius), condylar joint, saddle joint (opposition, thumb), ball and socket joint (shoulder)
44
articular capsule
synovial joint; fibrous capsule on top of synovial membrane
45
articular cartilage
synovial joint; end of bone
46
synovial membrane
synovial joint; under fibrous layer
47
synovial fluid
synovial joint; lubricates joints
48
reinforcing ligaments
synovial joint; fibrous layer of the capsule is usually reinforced with ligaments
49
joint cavity
enclosed by articular capsule; containing synovial fluid
50
major changes in skeletal development
fetal: just hyaline and fibrous cartilage membranes (soft); bone is replacing cartilage as grows; face grows to balance cranium size
51
rickets
vitamin D deficiency
52
dislocation
separation of bones where they meet at a joint
53
bursitis
inflammation of bursa
54
sprain
stretching or tearing of ligaments at joint
55
osetoarthritis
inflammation of bone at joint (wearing away of cartilage covering joint)
56
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune inflammation of synovial membrane at joint
57
gouty arthritis
inflammation at joint by crystals of uric acid which isn't cleared by kidneys
58
osteoporosis
bone-thinning w old age
59
epiphyseal line
in adults
60
epiphyseal plate
growth plate in kids; fibrous tissue
61
bone markings
sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, ligaments; projections begin w T; depressions or openings begin w F
62
parathyroid hormone
released when calcium ion levels in blood are low
63
calcitonin hormones
released when hypercalcemia; high blood calcium levels
64
hyoid bone
upper jaw; movable base for tongue; helps w swallowing and speech
65
types of vertebrae
vertebral foramen (spinal cord) processes for muscles meet w ribs discs between body blood vessels through transverse process/foramen
66
skeletal system
joints, ligaments, cartilage; fibrous cords binding bones together; divided into axial and appendicular
67
medullary cavity
stores red and yellow bone marrow
68
yellow marrow
stores fats
69
red marrow
produces blood cells
70
trabeculae
small needle-like pieces of bone - also open spaces
71
osteon (Haversian system)
structural and functional unit of compact bone; complex consisting of a central canal and matrix rings
72
osteocytes
mature bone cells; living cells in compact bone; custodians
73
lacunae
Cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes, calcium and collagen fiber matrix
74
lamellae
Concentric circles of lacunae situated around the central (Haversian) canal
75
central canal (or Haversian canal)
Opening in the center of an osteon (Haversian system) - Runs lengthwise through bone - Carries blood vessels and nerves
76
canaliculi
- Tiny canals - Radiate from the central canal to lacunae - Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to blood/nutrient supply
77
osteoblasts
bone forming cells; secrete bone matrix
78
osteoclasts
remove bone from inner surface of diaphysis; bone destroying
79
hematoma
blood-filling swell or bruise
80
granulation tissue
delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into damaged area from undamaged blood vessels nearby
81
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joints formed by the pubic bones of the hip articulating anteriorly
82
herniated discs
slipped discs; older age; weakening of ligaments in vertebral column

bio 111 (19 decks)

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